Stand and delivee movie critique free essay sample

Stand and Deliver is the movie I chose because I want to learn about latinos and how they are qualified in their education in America and because I want to learn about how much a person can succeed when their surroundings aren’t the safest to their life and future. I’ve seen many occasions where latino’s intelligence has been put down to the floor because of their culture, their background, and/or even the barrio they are from and aren’t given the support that they need. Reputation seems to matter a lot in American history. The way you represent yourself, the way you dress, or even the place you come from impacts many latinos studies in America. Stand and Deliver is a great example of this because it demonstrates us that the latin culture has been settle for less in education, business, work etc. because of the way they perform themselves among outer and inner groups, but even if the culture has a bad reputation they can always succeed when hard work is put into hands. We will write a custom essay sample on Stand and delivee movie critique or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They also have the capacity to level themselves up from the low expectations society has put on the people with certain customs, traditions, and different barrios. Stand and Deliver the title says it all standing up and delivering what has been put into your hands. This movies shows to us Latinos and American education. The American public school system could be improved in many places, as everyone knows ­ and too often the public schools are places where instead of learning how to

Free Essays on Origin Of World In Egyptian Mythology

Their understanding of the cosmic order was from direct observation of nature. Therefore their creation myths concern themselves with gods of nature; the earth, the sky, the sun, the moon, the stars, and of course, the Nile river. According to their ancient belief, waters of chaos surrounded the world, which was divided in three parts: â€Å"Earth†, â€Å"Sky† and â€Å"Underworld† also known as â€Å"Duat†. In their belief the sun used to journey down to the underworld at night, which was why it couldn’t be seen. But the crucial and disturbing question that came to pass was that how did it all began in the first place. There are numerous perception and paradigms concerning this essential question. â€Å"The River Nile† had an all-enveloping aspect on the Egyptian life. The Nile was worshipped as a god and had a place in Egyptian ritual and mythology. . Since the Nile River, with its annual floods played a critical role in this cosmic order. It should come as no surprise to find water the fundamental element in the Egyptians ideas of creation. As with the Nile, each year the flood no doubt caused commotion to all creatures living on the land, eventually the floods would recede and out of the chaos of water would emerge a mound, which contained procreative energy that was the source of all life. The mound was the key to all creations. This â€Å"Risen Land† personified the god â€Å"Tatjenen†. Now after that another essential question that arose was where did this mound arose at first and who was the first god to appear. Division of Egypt: Looking back at Egyptian civilization we find that it was divided in two parts; â€Å"Upper Egypt† also known as â€Å"Heliopolis† and â€Å"Lower Egypt† known as â€Å"Hermopolis†. Each of these claiming that the mound rose in their part of the land gave different theories about the origin of world. Heliopolis’s Conception: At â€Å"Heliopolis† the â€Å"Ennead† i.e. â€Å"Group of nine gods† were worsh... Free Essays on Origin Of World In Egyptian Mythology Free Essays on Origin Of World In Egyptian Mythology Their understanding of the cosmic order was from direct observation of nature. Therefore their creation myths concern themselves with gods of nature; the earth, the sky, the sun, the moon, the stars, and of course, the Nile river. According to their ancient belief, waters of chaos surrounded the world, which was divided in three parts: â€Å"Earth†, â€Å"Sky† and â€Å"Underworld† also known as â€Å"Duat†. In their belief the sun used to journey down to the underworld at night, which was why it couldn’t be seen. But the crucial and disturbing question that came to pass was that how did it all began in the first place. There are numerous perception and paradigms concerning this essential question. â€Å"The River Nile† had an all-enveloping aspect on the Egyptian life. The Nile was worshipped as a god and had a place in Egyptian ritual and mythology. . Since the Nile River, with its annual floods played a critical role in this cosmic order. It should come as no surprise to find water the fundamental element in the Egyptians ideas of creation. As with the Nile, each year the flood no doubt caused commotion to all creatures living on the land, eventually the floods would recede and out of the chaos of water would emerge a mound, which contained procreative energy that was the source of all life. The mound was the key to all creations. This â€Å"Risen Land† personified the god â€Å"Tatjenen†. Now after that another essential question that arose was where did this mound arose at first and who was the first god to appear. Division of Egypt: Looking back at Egyptian civilization we find that it was divided in two parts; â€Å"Upper Egypt† also known as â€Å"Heliopolis† and â€Å"Lower Egypt† known as â€Å"Hermopolis†. Each of these claiming that the mound rose in their part of the land gave different theories about the origin of world. Heliopolis’s Conception: At â€Å"Heliopolis† the â€Å"Ennead† i.e. â€Å"Group of nine gods† were worsh...

(BKK)Managing Diversity Awareness Campaign Essay

(BKK)Managing Diversity Awareness Campaign - Essay Example al., 2006). One of the prominent reasons behind an increase in the differences amongst the employees lies with the inability of the managers or supervisors to manage the employees, resulting to gender inequality in the workplace. An important example of this can be the increasing tendency to develop and provide growth opportunities to the male employees in comparison to the females. Hence, there exists a need to develop several alternatives by which gender can be managed in the workplace, and which would lead to the establishment of a sustainable organization (European Union, 2008). Gender management is important, as it increases the scope of gender diversity and enables the employees to focus upon their respective goals. In this respect, the employees are able to perform their tasks as team members for effective attainment of organizational objectives (Powell, 1994). The diversity awareness campaign will be aimed at â€Å"Gender diversity in the workplace†, which is needed to be managed in order to prevent the emergence and development of differences with respect to employees. One of the most widely used tools to manage gender diversity in the workplace, which plays a crucial role in avoidance of conflicts is leadership. The diversity awareness campaign would focus upon a number of strategies to manage gender diversity in the workplace (UNDP, 2010). Leadership must be considered as the first priority of an organization, as it is regarded as an important driver of change. Leaders can play a lead role in facilitating gender diversity by providing quality training to the employees and ensuring that every employee works as a team and have equal opportunity to participate in the organizational decision making processes. Furthermore, a leader helps in establishment of gender equality through focusing upon formulation of gender equality initiatives (AHRI, 2012). ‘Focus’ is

Thesis that uses your original profile and your newly collected data Essay

Thesis that uses your original profile and your newly collected data to clearly present your point to your audience - Essay Example It has been observed that the most significant qualities of a transformational leader are strong execution skills, leading by example and the ability to sense what requires change. The existence of a truly ‘transformational’ leader was identified James MacGregor Burns who differentiated between leaders who were transactional in nature and those who were transformational in nature. The latter were defined as those that brought about some considerable, constructive change in the mindset of the organization and its employees through the use of powerful vision and motivational tactics to enable the various organizational actors to look beyond their immediate self-interests and work for the interest of the entire organization (Burns). However, this definition is criticized on the grounds that the pressing need and struggle for bringing â€Å"change† can divert the efforts of the followers away from the core tasks. For example, a school principal who insists on change management will hamper students’ learning by forcefully engaging them in CSR activities and taking time away from them. The CSR program is designed to enhance the level of ed ucational standards within institutions and is funded by the state (U.S Department of Education). The purpose of this program is to enable students of all levels to achieve the high academic standards set by the state after thorough research (U.S Department of Education). Schools are then required to fulfill the eleven aspects of this reform. These components include professional development of staff, setting up of SMART goals, parental involvement in bringing about improvements as well as the use of an external partner that assists the school in implementing these reforms (U.S Department of Education). The fact that the most significant quality is that of having a strong vision is also heavily debated. There are leaders who have an excellent vision, they know where to get but either do not know how to get there or

History of Development Exxon Mobil Research Paper

History of Development of Exxon Mobil - Research Paper Example In 1870, Standard Oil Company with Rockefeller and his associates transformed the Exxon Mobile and the combined facilities became the main basis of what had been known as the largest refining capacity of any single company in the world. Standard had been carried as a name due to fact that the word means uniform which pertains to the quality of the oil products. In the same decade, specifically in 1879, the Standard Oil Co. owned a significant part of the Vacuum Oil Company, a pioneer in lubricant products. The company which was established by Matthew Ewing and Hiram Bond Everest was known for products such as the revolutionary Gargoyle 600-W Steam Cylinder Oil (ExxonMobil Site). In the same year, the Standard Oil Trust had been established in cooperation with 30 affiliated companies (Tracy, Tordo and Arfaa 15). In the next decade, 1880, the domestic share in the refining of the company increased to 95 percent (Tracy, Tordo and Arfaa 15). In 1882, the Standard Oil products were used for Thomas Edison’s first central generating system. In the same year, the Standard Oil Companies in New Jersey and New York were included in the Trust. The headquarters of Standard Oil Trust then moved to Broadway, New York in a 9-story office which became one of the most important landmarks in the city. Also in the same year, the Gargoyle Arctic was developed by Vacuum and used for new designs of generators and motors for a maximum speed of 1000 rpm (ExxonMobil Site). The new century still opened new opportunities for the company. In 1903, the Wright brothers were included in the loyal clients of Jersey Standard fuel and Mobiloil lubricants by Vacuum.

Leadership Plays Significant Role In Organizations Management Essay

Leadership Plays Significant Role In Organizations Management Essay Leadership plays an important and significant role in the organizations operation today. Leadership is seen as the capability of a leader to organize and form a group of people so that they can work together towards the way that achieves a shared vision and goal (Rudd, 2000; Kouzes and Posner, 1995, p.30). In terms of the meaning of leadership, it can be shown in different situations, and be expressed in different form (Rudd, 2000). The discussion of leadership can be derived from the behaviour of leaders and followers which between the relationship of those who is able to inspire others to follow their instruction and those who is willing to be led (Kouzes Posner, 1993). A leader that is able to encourage the organizational commitment of his or her followers is seen as an effective leader. Besides that, an effective leader is able and willing to share the vision, objectives, and plan to the employees. A competence leader will be able to set an achievable goal and lead the followers toward the goal together. An organization that is able to develop to retain the effective leaders will achieve a good result in the productivity and employees commitment to the jobs. According to Kouzes (1999, p.64), without the assistant, encouragement and motivation from others, one will not be able to reach a fascinating achievement. Thus, leadership is a significant determinant of the organizations effectiveness. For several decades, the literature study of leadership had been playing an important role for the area of organizational behaviour. A good practice of leadership with the supported of top management in the organization will encourage the employees job satisfaction, motivation and positive thinking. This will result in organizational commitment of the employees. According to Kouzes (1999, p.64), employees will feel confidence about themselves and be able to have a better performance when they work with a leader that always motivate, encourage, and care about their dignity. Employees that have fully commitment are willing to contribute their effort to the organization. They are willing to stay still with the organization even though at the time when company meet crisis or difficult time. Besides that, employees that have their commitment to the company tend to result in good performance and this will create a win-win situation for the organization as well as the work forces. In the globalization world of today, the implementation of leadership practices in organizations is getting more difficult due to the change in the organizations complexity and their advanced technology and operations. The diversity of current business environment will influent the employees perceptions, expectation and obligations towards the organization (Hyatt, 2007; Drucker, 1997; Kickul Liao-Troth, 2003). Todays organizations are going through downsizing, merging, and restructuring in many ways. Therefore, employees may feel that their organizations are not living up to their expectation. The relationship among the employees within an organization is the main factor to determine the achievement of the organization. Leaders ability to influence, and identify the contribution of the employees is essential to form a positive perception of the employees towards the leaders and organization (Hyatt, 2007; Weber, 1946). Leadership is said to be successful when its meet the expectation of the employees. According to Kouzes and Porner (1990), leadership is a process that involves two parties of people which are leaders and followers that treat each other in an equally way and willing to share the ideas within each other selflessly. A successful leadership depends on the employees perception and trust on the leaders ability. Therefore, the practices of leadership is a platform of winning the trust of the followers and thus results in organizational commitment. The five leadership practices suggested by Kouzes Posner (2009) are (a) Challenging the Process, the extent of a leader that is prepare to face the risks and challenges; (b) Inspiring a Shared Vision, the degree of a leader to share a future plan and vision; (c) Enabling Others to Act, the extent of a leaders to influent others to act; (d) Modelling the Way, the ability of a leader to practice his or her values and be the role model of the follo wers; and (e) Encouraging the Heart, the degree of a leader to show the appreciation and recognise of employees contribution (Carless, 2001). Leadership is an essential element in the association of leader and followers. Leaders play an important role in driving and managing the subordinates. Hence, leadership can be identified as a process of knowledge, skill and social exchange between leaders and followers (Weinberger, 2009). Managers are seen as leaders of their subordinate in an organization. Therefore, the perception of the followers towards their leaders will link to their perception of the company as well as the leadership process. In this study, leadership practices were examined in the context of organizational commitment. Problem Statement Leadership practices are important elements in fostering organizations culture and building organizational commitment for the sustainability of the organization performance. Managers play a significant role to influent the perception of subordinates to the organization through effective leadership practices. Leaders affect their followers directly through their interactions with the followers. However, there is a difference of current managers behaviour. Many of them claim they care about employees expectations, obligation, and well being. Yet, there are managers of some organizations today always implement projects with words and make empty promises to the employees (Hyatt, 2007; Kouzes and Posner, 1993). In such situation, managers can be said that they are not facilitating their obligations, thus the trust and organizational commitment of the employees towards the managers will then decrease. There are studies found that 68% of employees do not have any confidence on their managers words and behaviour. Meanwhile, 43% of employees think their managers always deceive them (Connel, Ferres Travaglione, 2003; Davis and Landa, 1999). Shaw (1997) argues that employees nowadays are getting selfish in terms of knowledge sharing and willingness to contribute to the organization due to the erosion of trust towards their leaders. Consequently, employees decrease their confidence in work and also their organizational commitment. The management literature tends to emphasise the importance of the trust and commitment of employees towards their managers. It is believed that a successful leadership practices in work place promotes greater productivity and commitment among employees (Connel, Ferres Travaglione, 2003). The nurturing of relationship between managers and employees is very important. This is because a relationship that form with mutual trust and respect within all the members in an organization will prepare the organization to confront with difficulties and at the same time create a harmony situation (Kouzes Posner, 2009). A good leadership practices by the managers in the company will increases employees organizational commitment. This can lead to desirable workforce behaviour. Therefore, it needs to be determined if there is a correlation between five leadership practices and organizational commitment among managers in Malaysia. Objectives of Study Generally, this study attempts to investigate the influence of each of five leadership practices on organizational commitment. Specifically, this study aims to: Examine the influence of challenge the process leadership practice on organizational commitment. 2) Examine the influence of inspire a shared vision leadership practice on organizational commitment. 3) Examine the influence of enable others to act leadership practice on organizational commitment. 4) Examine the influence of model the way leadership practice on organizational commitment. 5) Examine the influence of encourage the heart leadership practice on organizational commitment. Today, the movement and speed of the organization in terms of structure, systems, and processes change rapidly. This scenario has increases the need for the organization to train their managers to become better leaders and better (Skipton and Fred, 2010). This study focused on the effectiveness of the leadership practices implemented by the managers in the attempt to influence organizational commitment of their subordinates. Leaders are the group of people that have the ability to lead the subordinates towards desirable objectives even in a diverse situation. This study is conducted among managers in different organization and work place and aims to determine the levels of organizational commitment and leadership practices among manager. Research Question This study will be guided by the following research questions for the purpose of answer the research objectives above. To what extent leadership practice of Challenge the process influence organizational commitment? To what extent leadership practice of Inspire a shared vision influence organizational commitment? To what extent leadership practice of Enable others to act influence organizational commitment? To what extent leadership practice of Model the way influence organizational commitment? To what extent leadership practice of Encourage the heart influence organizational commitment? Hypothesis H1: Leadership practice of Challenge the process has a positive significant influence on organizational commitment. H2: Leadership practice of Inspire a shared vision has a positive significant influence on organizational commitment. H3: Leadership practice of Enable others to act has a positive significant influence on organizational commitment. H4: Leadership practice of Model the way has a positive significant influence on organizational commitment. H5: Leadership practice of Encourage the heart has a positive significant influence on organizational commitment. Conceptual Framework The research of Kouzes and Posner (2003) shown that leadership was a set of practices that can be mastered by leaders through consistent training. In theory, the Leadership Practices Inventory was created in order to have a consistent research on all levels of leaders (Kouzes and Posner, 2006). The purpose of this study is to determine if 5 types of leadership practices is related to the levels of organizational commitment among managers in Malaysia. The independent variables of this study are leadership practices of (a) Challenge the Process, (b) Inspire a Shared Vision, (c) Enable Others to Act, (d) Model the Way, and (e) Encourage the Heart, while the dependent variable will be organizational commitment. The moderating variable of this study is the demographic details of respondents include gender, age, marital status, race, occupation, monthly income, education levels and working experience. Figure 1 shows the research framework of this study. Leadership Practices Q1 Challenge the Process H1 Q2 Inspire a shared vision H2 Q3 Enable others to act H3 Organizational Commitment Q4 Dependent Variable Model the way H4 Q5 Encourage the heart H5 Independent Variable Figure 1: Research Framework Significance of Study Leadership is not something that is difficult and impossible to explain, and it can be understood by ordinary people (Kouzes Posner, 2003). This study will be beneficial to all managers and leaders of different organizations in Malaysia. Through this study, managers get to design leadership programs base on 5 leadership practices. Leadership practices can provide an appropriate and understandable model for the managers in conducting their leadership program. Besides that, leaders that fully understood the 5 leadership practices will lead to a good performance of their team in the organizations. This is because leadership practices conducted by the leaders will receive feedback of the employees in the end of the projects and this will improve their attitudes and behaviours to become better. Leadership practices suggested 5 types of practices should be posses by managers. Managers can improve and foster the relationship with their employees by implementing the leadership practices efficiently. It also increases the confidence of the managers while confront any crisis. Furthermore, leadership practices provide a platform and foundation in forming organizational commitment. Many young people that took leadership course for the first time already have more leadership experience then they realize (Kouzes Posner, 2006). So, this study also helps the part time students of Master Business Administration to obtain more information about leadership practices. This is because they are people from executive levels and have some experience in work place. They may have the chance to become a leader or manager in the future. Therefore, they will have the opportunity to demonstrate the leadership practices in their tasks as a group or team. Through these practices, the employee at executive levels or taking the courses of MBA will be able to improve their performance in work place and building their confidence especially in the time that need to have decision making. 1.7 Definition of Terms Following are some important terms used throughout this study: Leaders: The term leaders refer the body of people who lead a group of people in the organization. Leaders is the people that in charge or in command of others. Leadership: Leadership is a group of people of a particular organization. It is the ability to be a leader or the qualities a good leader should have. Leadership Practices: For the purpose of this research, Leadership Practices is viewed as the tasks of division managers, head of department or supervisor involving in one of the following: (a) Challenging the process, (b) Inspiring a shared vision, (c) Enabling others to act, (d) Modelling the way, (e) Encouraging the heart. Challenging the process: The process that leaders venture out into an unknown world or situation. Leaders constantly look for new and innovative products, processes, and services. Leaders also encourage their employees to challenge the former ways and attitude in doing their work. Inspire a shared vision: The ability of leaders to inspire a shared vision within the followers and spur out their commitment. It is the desire of leaders to change the way things are and create something new. Enable others to act: It is the ability of leaders enables others to act not by coercive power but by their sincerity to affect others. They strengthen followers capacity to deliver on the promises that they make and promote collaboration in the organization. Model the way: The ability of leaders to guide and lead the follows by setting a good example and role model. Leaders model the attitude and behaviour expected by their subordinates in order to achieve high standard of organizational performance. Leaders behaviours and attitudes are far more important than their words (Kouzes and Posner, 2006). The employees would rather believe the person first than the plan. Encourage the heart: The ability of leader to recognize and appreciate the contribution of the employees. Leaders create a culture of cherish the contribution of their followers and reward them for their achievement in order to retain the good employees. Organizational commitment: It is the willingness and feeling of responsibilities of the employees to work hard and contribute their energy and time to a mission or a task in the organization. Managers: A Manager is the person responsible for planning and directing the work of a group of individuals, monitoring their work, and taking corrective action when necessary.

Essay --

How to Organize Your Home Office It is always the desire of many homeowners to have his or her home office well-organized. Many people know that there is no other way to become more productive than having organized home offices. When the home office is well-organized there are many things one would gain from that. It would help the person in easing the type of work he or she is doing; this is because it helps in doing the work better and faster. When the office is clustered it would become extremely difficult for the person to focus or concentrate on the work he or she is doing. The problem like looking for one office material or the other would always be there; this is because the place is in a mess. There are some negative implications to this. One of them is that the person would spend more time in getting small tasks done. He or she could be losing money in the process. The worst is that it makes the person stressful which has some negative health implications. The only way out of all these is to have a well-org anized home office. Here are some simple steps to organizing the home...

Open Source Software

The open source software filling with innovation and vitality 1. Introduction With computer’s development, the software of the computer is more powerful. The software can be divided into two parts which are free and fee-based, and also can be classified with the closed software and the open source software. In order to understand the features of the open source software, and know the reason why the software can be filled with vitality and innovation, which attract a lot of technicists devoting themselves.This paper will give a deep analysis of the open source software in nearly all ranks. This essay mainly includes four parts. Firstly, giving an introduction to the definition of the open innovation and the open source movement and what is the Linux and the history and development of the Linux. Secondly, enumerating some wide use of the open source softwares and taking Linux for example to analyze strengths of open and innovation source software. Thirdly, the author will discus s the challenges and the future of the open source and innovation software.Finally, the author makes a conclusion for the value of the open source and the open innovation. After reading this essay, it’s my target to make you have a better and deep understanding of the concept of open source and open innovation, attempt to make use of the open source software such as Linux operating system, realize the great value of the open source and open innovation, and also be aware of some challenges of the open source and open innovation as well as its future. 2.Open innovation,open source,history of Unix and Linux Henry Chesbrough who is a professor and executive director create the term of open innovation, in his book Open Innovation: The new imperative for creating and profiting from technology, though the idea and discussion about some consequences (especially the inter firm cooperation in R&D) date as far back as the 60s (Chesbrough, 2003). With the development of technology and kn owledge, new creation of the products begins to face challenges. In order to create new alue, we must established extensive connection with the outside world widely, realize the complementary advantages in the knowledge dissemination and sharing to speed up inner innovation. In software, for example, companies such as SAP and Microsoft have started to build research labs on university all over the world to improve the integration of outside-in innovation to create new commercial benefit. Even Apple that is so strong no matter from any ways had to open up its proprietary technology to appeal to the high-tech users.There are some outstanding examples in the electronic industry which are Philips' open innovation park, Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center, Siemens' open innovation program and IBM's open source initiatives. Today, open innovation has been driven by many computer software suppliers on a strategic level. Nowdays the open source software that needs more creative can appeal to people to use. Due to open innovation, we can concentrate the inner and outer power on developing the creation or innovation.The  open source movement  is a profound movement of individuals who support the use of  open source  licenses for some or all software. Open source software is made available for anybody to use or modify, as its source code is made available. Some open-source software is based on a share-alike principle, whereby users are free to pass on the software subject to the rule that any enhancements or changes are just as freely available to the public, while other open-source projects may be freely incorporated into any derivative work, open-source or proprietary(Eu. conecta, 2011) .The open source software allows users to use some or even all software by giving them authorization. What is more, sometimes, the source code is also available to users. That makes it possible for users to read and modify the source code. Usually, any individual can changes and m odify the code and make available to public, and other users can download his/her code, read his/her code, discuss with the writer, and enhance the code. By doing so, the source code can be optimized and consequently the software will be more powerful and a stabilized system because of some users’ creative ideas and critical thinking.The open source is a profound revolution by taking the advantage of users’ participation(Eu. conecta, 2011). Nowdays the security of software is more and more concerned. Though the open source, we can solve the problem of security by a mass of programmers. With the open innovation and open source movement developed, there are a vast of professional and perfect softwares happened. For example, Linux and Unix, Unix operating system that many of the cooperative programmers make efforts in the 1970s is the most successful program that could run on different computer device.A free version of Unix operating system can be attempted to build by th e developers in 1986. There is a project called GNU that stand for â€Å"Gnu’s not Unix† allowing programmers to contribute to the development effort regardless of individual or commercial interests. The most important thing is that the operating system is free for user. The GNU is very famous as a copyleft agreement including four points. The first is that software can be copied and distributed under the GNU license. The second is that products that are obtained and distributed under this license may be sold.The third is that user can alter the source code, but if they want to distribute or publish the source code, they must make the software work under the GNU license. The third is that without a GNU license, the source code could not work , through an individual can modify, distribute and publish the source code. The fourth is that we can develop the assistant technology for the open source software which don’t include core licensed under the GNU license. Ità ¢â‚¬â„¢s not published as the Linux kernel created by a young student who is called Linus Torvalds until in1991.He gave programmers his code so they can contribute to revise and develop the code. Linux becomes into an advanced and powerful operating system, because a mass of programmers analyze the code and write development that Linus included into Linux. With the Linux improved rapidly, there are a series of versions of Linux delivered that can meet different needs. 3. The strengths of open and innovation source software In this section, the author will talk about the wide use of open and innovation source software and its strengths and profound impact to modern society and some traditional fee-based software.It is hard to realize something until we stop for a while and look at how different it is from the software that we know. The open and innovation source software have some incomparable advantages that conventional paid software can’t match. The author will take Linux f or example to discuss the strengths and impact of open and innovation source software. Firstly, the open source movement is the collaborative nature that allows smaller companies to take part in the global economy. The smaller companies or individuals can have rights to access to create, organize, or distribute the software.It’s an equal opportunities for people around the world to participate in the movement. So the movement has attracted more and more involved. There are over 120,000 programmers all over the world who are distributed internationally and support Linux as a means of reducing the large companies’ technical domination (Ceraso, A. , & Pruchnic, J,2007) . It is computed that only 5-10 percent of code of the Linux kernel remains compiled by Linus Torvalds. The collaborative nature create the culture of sharing, which is pervasive in the programming project.Programmers in those project help each other, make progress together to complete the programming. Seco ndly, the creation of open source software is not individual so that we can reduce the cost. The Research and Development of Linux operating system is made efforts by volunteer labor that is worth about two billion dollars (Kusnetsky and Greg , 1999). Companies like Microsoft that develop the windows operating system spend about $80-100 million per year. Technologists are addicted to the code of Linux programming due to their hobbies or personal interest.The programmers don not care the money and time so that they can devote themselves into it with their professional responsibilities. Individuals who have keen interest in coding and software creation or distribution promote the development of the open source software, which is not different from the proprietary software which is motivated by the money gain. Sometimes the developers want to get satisfaction and a reputation from other programmers by contributing to the open source code. Others want to receive such as good job offers, shares in programming values and so on.Thirdly, system administrator in the development of open source software will have control in the risk of deploying the tool. It is similar to in a corporate organization that Linux has a leadership structure. Linus Torvalds is a header in the Linux community who is a respected manager that can control the progress of programming, and his thoughts are considered final. Torvalds can appoint some programmers to be responsible for managing specific part of the project, and in reverse the programmers can guide other coordinators.However, this leadership structure only is suited to the Linux kernel; it does not apply to program such as system utilities. Fourthly, there is a major advantage in the open source code that is the ability for a mass of various people to edit and fix problems and errors that have occurred. The advantage is that programmers make improvements to open source software and will give meaningful feedback to the original programm er. The feedback benefits the entire project. Because of the feedback, the open source softwares become more and more powerful, riskless, high-quality.Fifthly, open source programs divide into small teams of programmers that work independently to settle specific problems. Those teams are parallel development that can make it possible for 435 Linux projects to be underway (Sullivan, 2011). Parallel debugging can improve the efficiency of individuals working on the project. Parallel debugging can feed back quicker modifications than traditional development. For example, Linux is attacked by the TearDrop IP because of some bugs, but Linux programmers repair it in less than 24 hours (Sullivan, 2011). Sixthly, open source software has the feature of the long-term sustainability.The open source software is different from the proprietary softwares, which is not driven out of business in the short-term. The open source software will be still developed all the time so long as the programmer can keep the sufficient interest and skills, even the user always has the choice to work in the house, maintain the running of the software and support to continue the programming of the software. It can have been seen the strengths of open and innovation source software. Better quality, higher reliability, more flexibility, lower cost, and an end to predatory vendor lock-in are the targets of the open source software.It is important to maintain the open source definition that creates a trusted group that connects all users and developers together. Just because of the strengths of open and innovation source software, expect for the Linux or Unix operating system, there are some other excellent softwares such as apache that is successful server software and scripting programming language on the web, Mozilla that is a excellent web browser like IE and mysql that is very popular database management system, giving people different experience and meeting the diversity of requirements. Th ese softwares also have been extremely successful. . Challenges of open source and innovation software Even though the open source and innovation softwares have gained great success in many areas, but there are still challenges facing in front. One challenge is the quality of the open source and innovation software. Previous research has shown that the size of software module have a certain relationship with software defects. For example some scholars think that there is an U-shaped relationship between software modules and software defect, therefore, the software module wants to be moderate, too big or too small scale will lead to defect increased.Despite criticism of scholars views, but the size of the software modules should be paid attention to control In the software development to ensure software quality,which recognized by most of scholars. However, the above conclusion is based on the non-open source software, and is not suitable for quality control of the open source softwa re, because the module of the open source software usually is constantly changing the old module, adding a new module or deleting constantly in the process of evolution of software development.Koru AG, Zhang Dongsovg, LiuHongfang take Mozilla for example to prove that there is a relationship between the size of of module of the open source software and the defects of product, and the results still show that l with software quality has a direct relationship with the scale of the software. Although there are a large number of experts auditing the open source software quality on the surface, but in fact, there are a small number of relatively fixed experts auditing the quality periodically,even some softwares don't have a quality audit, which is one of reasons that the quality of open-source software is doubted.Another risk is the legal risk of business development using open source. First, there is a problem that copyright of Open source software is unknown. Open source software often has a very complex origin because of its special patterns of development. Open source software has a massive pool of programming expertise all over the world to develop. For example, there may be a few people, more dozens, or hundreds of people contributing to the programming of open source software. Over one thousand people are needed in large projects such as Linux operating system (Langley, 2007).But the participants have a variety of backgrounds, as a result, It is difficult to ensure that their codes don’t have problems. This kind of confusion property rights of knowledge and complex situation makes a lot of open source software have a risk of infringement all the time. For example, Linux was suspected of violating the copyright of Unix programming code belongs to the company of SCO. For the problems of infringement ,license of open can’t provide any special terms or other promises to ensure that the programmers who devote to projects don’t violate the int ellectual property of others.Due to these licenses that do not provide any liability protection, there is a risk of open source software for commercial development. Second, There are other problem such as the infringement of patent rigth and trademark right that we should pay attention on. 5. Commercial value and trend of open source and innovation software In this part, we will discuss the open source software’s economic value and predict its future. On one hand, a lot of commercial software companies are always paying attention to the rapid development of open source software.Due to the massive excellent open source software projects and high quality codes, if the resources can be directly used, business company can save a lot of cost. The company of Business software develops commercial software based on the open source codes, which is flexible to decide based-fee or free when it is used for commercial purposes. For individuals, it is still free to use the commercial softw are, of course, Except commercial purposes, at the same time, these companies can provide technical service’s support.This flexible business model is more and more welcomed by more and more business software company. On the other hand, launch of android makes people be full of expectation for the open source software. Because of the open source software portability, custom pattern of Linux is a breakthrough of the industry model. Custom pattern of Linux because of the current Linux operating system that has deficiencies at performance, stability, and grasping the user needs ,can meet the user’s requirements. Though we discuss the commercial value of open source software, we can predict the trends of the open source software.In the future, the suppliers of open source software will have a closer relationship among themselves. Due to the development of the industry, the model of self-reclusive development do not clearly conform to the trend of the times, high requirement s of the software in the future promote manufacturers of open source software Seeking a deeper cooperation among themselves, which provides effective means to compete with the large proprietary software vendors for the supplier of open source software. The overall open source solutions are easier than traditional solutions on the deployment and maintenance.From hardware to software infrastructure, enterprise customers will know and experience the effective cost of overall open source solutions. Grasping the good opportunity of open source software will have a better future. 6 . Conclusion Now the software’s feature is more complex and the work of software’s programming is more lager, the open source software occupy a lot of advantages such as its collaborative nature which can offer customizability and, as a result, promotes the adoption of its products, the open innovation which is not proprietary, resulting in lower costs and so on.Now software is built more complica ted and the work of programming is more lager than ever. Because the open source software is not proprietary, that means taking the advantage of collaboration and customizability could lower the cost and make the software system stronger. From the introduction above, It can have been already cleared the definition of open innovation, the open source movement and the history of Unix, Linux operating system. Though the deeper analysis, it can be known the reason why the open source softwares become more and more popular is that powerful strength of open source software.Just because of this, there are some excellent software such as Linux, apache and mysql giving people different experience and meeting the diversity of requirements. These softwares also have been extremely successful. For now the use of open source software in some areas is limited, but its value will dig out driven by the maturity of technology and idea. However, there are also challenges. One difficulty is the promis e of the quality of the open source software. And another difficulty is the legal risk of business development using open source.Notwithstanding the challenges, the quality of massive open source software could prove invaluable over time. From the author’s perspective, driven by the portable, the open source software will have much huger development space, play more important role in some developed areas and show unimaginative value in some undeveloped areas as well. References A. Carleton, et al. (1992), â€Å"Software Measurement for DoD Systems: Recommendations for Initial Core Measures,† Software Engineering Institute, CMU/SEI-92-TR-19. B. Curtis, H. Krasner, and N.Iscoe (1988), â€Å"A Field Study of the Software Design Process for Large Systems,† Communications of the ACM, vol. 31, no. 11, pp. 1268-1287. B Littlewood and D Miller (1989), â€Å"Conceptual Modeling of Coincident Failures in Multi-Version Software†, IEEE Transactions on Software Engine ering, vol. 15, no. 12, pp. 1596-1614. B. Perens (1999), â€Å"The Open Source Definition,† in Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution , C. DiBona, S. Ockman, and M. Stone, Eds. Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly, pp. 171-188. Chesbrough, H. W. (2003). Open Innovation: The new imperative for creating and profiting from technology.Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Definition of Open Source: Open Source Initiative Retrieved . Kusnetsky, Dan, IDC, and Greg Weiss, DH Browen (1999), Linux E-Seminar M. Krochmal (1999), â€Å"Linux Interest Expanding,† in TechWeb, at http://www. techweb. com/wire/story/TWB19990521S0021 Norman Fenton (1994), â€Å"Software Measurement: A Necessary Scientific Basis,† IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 199-206 Pearce, J. M. (2012). â€Å"The case for open source appropriate technology†. Environment, Development and Sustainability  14  (3): pp. 425–431. P.Vixie (1999), â€Å"Software E ngineering,† in Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution , C. DiBona, S. Ockman, and M. Stone, Eds. Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly, pp. 91-100.. R. T. Fielding (1999), â€Å"Shared Leadership in the Apache Project,† Communications of the ACM, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 42-43. Valloppillil, Vinod, and Josh Cohen (1998), Microsoft, †Linux OS Competitive Analysis,† Halloween 2. White, Wallker (2000),†Observations, Considerations, and Directions,† Oracle, Federick Brooks in â€Å"The Mythicak Man Month. † Zhao, L. ; Deek, F. P. (2004). â€Å"User Collaboration in Open Source Software Development†. Electronic Markets  14  (2): pp. 89.

Sentence Definition and Examples in English Grammar

Sentence Definition and Examples in English Grammar A sentence is the largest independent unit of grammar: it begins with a capital letter and ends with a period, question mark, or exclamation point. The word sentence is from the Latin for to feel. The adjective form of the word is sentential. The sentence is traditionally (and inadequately) defined as a word or group of words that expresses a complete idea and that includes a subject and a verb. Types of Sentence Structures The four basic sentence structures are the: Simple: A  sentence  with only one  independent clause.Compound: Two (or more)  simple sentences  joined by a  conjunction  or an appropriate  mark of punctuation.Complex: A sentence that contains an  independent clause  (or  main clause) and at least one  dependent clause.Compound-complex: A  sentence  with two or more  independent clauses  and at least one  dependent clause. Functional Types of Sentences Declarative: Clothes make the man. Naked people have little or no influence on society.  (Mark Twain)Interrogative:  But what is the difference between literature and journalism? Journalism is unreadable and literature is not read. (Oscar Wilde)Imperative:  Be careful about reading health books. You may die of a misprint. (Mark Twain)Exclamatory:  To die for an idea; it is unquestionably noble. But how much nobler it would be if men died for ideas that were true!  (H. L. Mencken) Definitions and Observations on Sentences I am trying to say it all in one sentence, between one Cap and one period. (William Faulkner in a letter to Malcolm Cowley) The term sentence is widely used to refer to quite different types of unit. Grammatically, it is the highest unit and consists of one independent clause, or two or more related clauses. Orthographically and rhetorically, it is that unit which starts with a capital letter and ends with a full stop, question mark or exclamation mark. (Angela Downing, English Grammar: A University Course, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2006) I have taken as my definition of a sentence any combination of words whatsoever, beyond the simple naming of an object of sense. (Kathleen Carter Moore, The Mental Development of a Child, 1896) [A sentence is a] unit of speech constructed according to language-dependent rules, which is relatively complete and independent in respect to content, grammatical structure, and intonation. (Hadumo Bussmann, Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. Trans. by Lee Forester et al. Routledge, 1996) A written sentence is a word or group of words that conveys meaning to the listener, can be responded to or is part of a response, and is punctuated. (Andrew S. Rothstein and Evelyn Rothstein, English Grammar Instruction That Works! Corwin Press, 2009) None of the usual definitions of a sentence really says much, but every sentence ought somehow to organize a pattern of thought, even if it does not always reduce that thought to bite-sized pieces. (Richard Lanham, Revising Prose. Scribners, 1979) The sentence has been defined as the largest unit for which there are rules of grammar. (Christian Lehmann, Theoretical Implications of Grammaticalization Phenomena, Published in The Role of Theory in Language Description, ed. by William A. Foley. Mouton de Gruyter, 1993) The Notional Definition of a Sentence Sidney Greenbaum and Gerald Nelson give a different take in explaining what a sentence is and does: It is sometimes said that a sentence expresses a complete thought. This is a notional definition: it defines a term by the notion or idea it conveys. The difficulty with this definition lies in fixing what is meant by a complete thought. There are notices, for example, that seem to be complete in themselves but are not generally regarded as sentences: Exit, Danger, 50 mph speed limit...On the other hand, there are sentences that clearly consist of more than one thought. Here is one relatively simple example: This week marks the 300th anniversary of the publication of Sir Isaac Newtons Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, a fundamental work for the whole of modern science and a key influence on the philosophy of the European Enlightenment. How many complete thoughts are there in this sentence? We should at least recognize that the part after the comma introduces two additional points about Newtons book: (1) that it is a fundamental work for the whole of modern science, and (2) that it was a key influence on the philosophy of the European Enlightenment. Yet this example would be acknowledged by all as a single sentence, and it is written as a single sentence. (Sidney Greenbaum and Gerald Nelson, An Introduction to English Grammar, 2nd ed. Pearson, 2002) Another Definition of a Sentence D.J. Allerton provides an alternative definition of a sentence: Traditional attempts to define the sentence were generally either psychological or logical-analytic in nature: the former type spoke of a complete thought or some other inaccessible psychological phenomenon; the latter type, following Aristotle, expected to find every sentence made up of a logical subject and logical predicate, units that themselves rely on the sentence for their definition. A more fruitful approach is that of [Otto] Jespersen (1924: 307), who suggests testing the completeness and independence of a sentence, by assessing its potential for standing alone, as a complete utterance. (D. J. Allerton. Essentials of Grammatical Theory. Routledge, 1979) Two-Part Definition of a Sentence Stanley Fish felt that a sentence can only be defined in two parts: A sentence is a structure of logical relationships. In its bare form, this proposition is hardly edifying, which is why I immediately supplement it with a simple exercise. Here, I say, are five words randomly chosen; turn them into a sentence. (The first time I did this the words were coffee, should, book, garbage and quickly.) In no time at all I am presented with 20 sentences, all perfectly coherent and all quite different. Then comes the hard part. What is it, I ask, that you did? What did it take to turn a random list of words into a sentence? A lot of fumbling and stumbling and false starts follow, but finally someone says, I put the words into a relationship with one another....Well, my bottom line can be summarized in two statements: (1) a sentence is an organization of items in the world; and (2) a sentence is a structure of logical relationships. (Stanley Fish, Devoid of Content. The New York Times, May 31, 2005. Also How to Write a Sentence and How to Read One. HarperCollins, 2011) The Lighter Side of Sentences Some authors a humorous view of a sentence: One day the Nouns were clustered in the street.An adjective walked by, with her dark beauty.The Nouns were struck, moved, changed.The next day a Verb drove up, and created the Sentence... (Kenneth Koch, Permanently. Published in The Collected Poems of Kenneth Koch. Borzoi Books, 2005)

Barbarossa Essays - Field Marshals Of Nazi Germany, Free Essays

Barbarossa Essays - Field Marshals Of Nazi Germany, Free Essays Barbarossa When Germany invaded Russia in 1941, they did so neither near-sighted or as a ?back-handed? diplomatic ploy. While Russia remained a key objective to Hitler, it was also seen as a necessity for long-term victory and survival in Europe for Germany. ?Plan Yellow?, as developed by Field Marshal Erich von Manstein, called upon the pre-emptive strike against an imperialistic Russia, using speed and superior leadership as keys to victory. To always remember the axiom: ?History is written by the conquerers,? is key to the history of the German-Russian War 1941-1945. This paper intends to not only convey the necessity and the upside of a German attack and subsequent victorys but also the Russian Army?s offense stance of 1941. As Field Marshal Fedor von Bock wrote in his diaries ?A sense of fright came over the OKH? (German High Command) ?With no more enemies, who do we wait for to fight? Alas they had been waiting for us.? Germany in 1941 had reached a high point. The German economy, bolstered by it?s newly conquered lands, stood by itself with no equal. The citizenery had not witnessed victory like 1939-1941 since the day of Fredrich the Great. Germany, bolstered by such a booming economy and national morale, had yet to truly begin it?s ?witch-hunts,? nor had any of it?s concentration camps. While Jews were politically and often violently blamed and attacked for Germany?s ills, Hitler and the Nazi regime had at this point not begun the holocaust nor the mass killings. Most of Europe belonged to the Axis powers and Field Marshal Erwin Rommel?s Afika Korps, and the Italian Army had beaten the Allies to the far reaches of Africa. Mexico was being courted by the Axis diplomats and Brazil had remained nuetral, but swayed to Germany, (it?s imperialist conquerer). Japan had taken much of China and had moved towards Australia. Germany had no equal: economically, militarily, and no threat of one. The reasons for an invasion of Russia are many, but very simply, in all respects it made perfect sense to retain and protect the security and future of Germany. Contrary to most opinions, Germany was not embroiled in a two-front war in 1941, mainly because of Britain?s inability to bring significant pressure to bear on Germany by land, sea, or air during the proposed time period of ?Plan Yellow.? The naval blockade of German sea ports was failing miserably as the German empire was overly sufficient without imports. Britain?s traditional ?trump card?: sea power and naval blockades of German ports would be rendered obsolete by a victory in European Russia. If Germany defeated or eliminated Russia from the war, any British posture, even with the support of their empire would be meaningless in the face of German control of the fuel, iron, ore and agricultural resources of the entire continent. Britain would be at a complete loss and it would be her economy to collapse. Britain?s only option for obtaining critical materials, or victory of any sort, would appear to be in Africa. However, German air and ground forces freed from the continent (inner France, Germany, Austria, Czechoslavakia), could easily be diverted to Africa to prevent this. The destruction and conquest of European Russia would not only provide Germany with immense resources and capabilities to expand those resources, but it would also make Britain unable to carry on a fruitless war. Hitler?s Lebensraum, or literally ?living space?, is misleading as Germany was not overcrowded and had conquered an immense buffer zone against her enemies and neighbors. Lebensraum sought resources- iron, ore, fuel, food, factory space- it did not have inside the boundaries imposed in the Versailles Treaty of 1917. Hitler, in each of his military endeavors sought out these necessary resources above military strategy, even above diplomatic means. Hitler had so handily conquered Poland, annexed both Austria and Czechoslavakia, defeated Belgium, and a large British Expeditionary Force, and France so quickly.The entire armed forces working brilliantly enough to overrun Norway, nuetralize Britain, and their U-Boats disrupting sea supply lines from America, Hitler turned to the showdown with Soviet Russia. In late 1940 Hitler suggested to a friendly Russia that she enter and join the German-Italian Pact of Steel. The negotiations over the spoils of

Ethics Exam 2 Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Ethics Exam 2 - Article Example I begin by defining such basic concepts as good and evil thereby making a decision based on my understanding of the two. As explained, ethics seeks to minimize harm. As such, I often define evil as any action that is likely to cause harm to others. Good, on the other hand, is an action that promises to safeguard the peace, safety and the moral fabric of the society. In analyzing the impacts that a situation or an action may have on the society, I begin by placing myself at the center of the action. This way, I feel the dilemma that one feels before making a decision and understand how any victim of such actions would feel. This way, I make a decision on whether a situation is ethical or not depending on how it affects the people. A situation becomes unethical when it harms or even threatens other members of the society. An ethical action is one that does not injure anyone. An injury in this context implies to both physical and psychological torments (Badiou 67). An abuse, for example, causes a psychological torment to the society. As such, one acts unethically if he or she abuses others in public. The same is the case with a fight, barbaric aggression or even theft since such acts cause physical injuries to the victims and loss of valuables. My thought process considers the social and cultural values. An ethical action preserves the social values while an unethical action violates the values thereby disrupting the social fabric. Moral leadership requires the leader to serve others and in the process lead them towards achieving a particular goal. Moral leaders strive to set perfect examples to their subjects. This way, such leaders persuade and influence the others by making them aspire to achieve the same levels of integrity. Personal integrity is an important feature that enhances the success of a moral leader. Such leaders must prove that they are trustworthy by adhering to the rules that guide their operations at the institution. A

Case study about ( investigation for individual learning Essay

Case study about ( investigation for individual learning style,strategies, motivation and needs) - Essay Example She has some good knowledge in Japanese language as well, which she studied for one and half years before abandoning the course. Therefore, in total, she knows three languages that are Thai (Native Language), English (Second Language) and Japanese (Second Language). English language is the second language she is currently learning. In the background questionnaire, she informed that she began her first experiences in learning English in primary school where it was incorporated in the Thailand educational curriculum. Chutimon’s learning of English can be divided into three distinct phases that are based on her varying needs and the environment where the learning occurs at each instance. Chutimon is an instrumental English learner and her dream is to work internationally in matters concerning business. She considers learning English as crucial in enabling her to deliver well in her future career where she expects to interact with people belonging to different nationalities. English is part of the Thai educational curriculum and is incorporated in school programs, so the first learning phase of Chutimon started at primary level, which was quite preliminary. Later on, she joined Kaplan International College in the UK where she got enrolled for a five-month course in English. This formed the second phase of her learning process. While at Kaplan International College, her passion for learning English was still driven by the need to improve her proficiency and she was to learn English language in an interactive environment by corresponding with the native English speakers and other international students. Kaplan provided her with good learning environment. After completing that five months English learning course, she reached the last phase of her learning when she got 5.5 in IELTS exam and passed the pre-sessional course, then enrolled for a master’s degree in International Business in Manchester Metropolitan University. During the interview