A Brief Biography on Edgar Allan Poe Essay - 882 Words

Edgar Allan Poe was born in Massachusetts, U.S. on January 19, 1809. Poe`s parents were Elizabeth Arnold Poe and David Poe Jr. Poe was named after a character in William`s Shakespeare King Lear. Poe was baptized at Episcopal Church in 1812.His mom was an actress and his dad was an actor. Poe`s dad abandoned the family in 1810. Poe had 2 siblings. His brother was named William Henry Leonard he was a writer, sailor, and poet. He was born in Boston on Jan 30, 1807. Poe`s brother died August 1, 1831 of alcoholism and tuberculosis. Edgar`s sister was Rosalie Poe she was born in Norfolk, VA. She was illegitmate to the family. Poe`s dad died of an unknown cause. Poe`s grandmother was Elizabeth Cairnes Poe she was paralyzed the family didn’t talk†¦show more content†¦His best known figure works were Gothic. His 1st book was â€Å"Tamerlane and other Poems† in December 2009 for $662,500. He also published an essay calledâ€Å"A few words on Secret Writing†. Poe`s themes deal with questions of death, reanimation of death, and mourning. His best work was concerned with terror and sadness. Poe was a complexed, tormented, and an alcoholic. Poe married Virginia Clemm, which was his 13 year old cousin. But he was considerate, humorous, and a good friend and affectionate husband. Poe was soon disowned by his godfather, he had so many quarrels with him about children born out of affairs. So in February 8, 1831 he refused to attend formation classes and church for gross neglect and disobedience for this, which led him to plead not guilty but he was guilty. Soon Poe couldn`t support himself so he enlisted in the US Army on May 27, 1827. But he was soon dismissed for drinking on the job. It was the bane of Poe`s life. He always needed a slight stimulant to go on throughout the day and talk to people. After this Poe went to live with his aunt Maria Clemm and daughter Virginia. Later Poe`s wife Viginia died on January 30, 1847 of tuberculosis. This led Poe to drink even more and more. So Poe proposed to Sarah Helen Whitman but she called it off because he wouldn’t quit drinking. So he got mad and returned to Sarah Elaine Royster when his wife died. Poe proposed to her too but she called it off because of the same thing. Poe then went to his cottage whereShow MoreRelatedEssay on A Brief Biography of Edgar Allan Poe542 Words   |  3 PagesEdgar Allan Poe is best known today as one of the most intelligent and original writers in American literature. Many poets and story writers base their stories upon events and even aspects in their life. In the subject of this, it is so relatable to write about because there is some truth in the words. Edgar Allan Poe is said to be one of these people because his stories actually relate to his tragic, life. He was known for leading a very depressing life that was full of loss and grief of loved onesRead MoreEssay on A Brief Biography of Edgar Allan Poe617 Words   |  3 Pages Edgar Allan Poe Edgar Allan Poe was a famous author, poet, editor, and literary critic. Poe wrote Mystery, Horror, and detective fiction. Edgar Allen Poe had a difficult life; he had troubles with family, employment, and depression which ended his life. Edgar was born on January 19th 1809 in Boston Massachusetts. His mother died when he was 2 and his father abandoned him and his siblings as a child. After he was given up for adoption at a young age, soon was adopted by the AllanRead MoreA Brief Biography of Edgar Allan Poe Essay1001 Words   |  5 Pages Thesis Edgar Allan Poe was a fictional writer that astonished readers with his many mysterious poems and his tales of horror such as â€Å"The Raven†, â€Å"Annabelle Lee†, and â€Å"The Fall of the house of Usher†. Biography Edgar Allan Poe was born on January 19, 1809 in Boston Massachusetts. (A-1) His parents were English born actors Elizabeth Arnold Poe and David Poe Jr. (A-2) After his parents died he wasRead MoreA Brief Biography of Edgar Allan Poe Essay1192 Words   |  5 PagesKnown for his disturbing and sinister work, Edgar Allan Poe’s writing has captured the attention of readers for almost two centuries. His works and reputation were largely influenced by his childhood, education, adulthood, and struggles with his career, along with his legacy before and after his death. Edgar Allan Poe was born on January 19, 1809, in Boston, Massachusetts, as being David and Elizabeth Poe’s second child of three. David and Elizabeth were professional theatrical actors in a companyRead MoreA Brief Biography of Victorian Author Edgar Allan Poe1098 Words   |  5 PagesEdgar Allan Poe’s importance as a main stature in literature is based upon his dark and thought provoking poems. His difficult life influenced his melancholy writings. Edgar Allan Poe was born January 19, 1809 in Boston, Massachusetts. His parent’s occupation was traveling actors. At the age of two, his father abandoned the family leaving young Poe without a father figure. Poe’s mother was poor, which resulted in him having an extremely hard childhood. His mother passed away as he was growing upRead MoreThe Raven - Edgar Allan Poes View About His Own Fate.1285 Words   |  6 PagesThe Raven - Edgar Allan Poes view about his own fate. Yordan G. Georgiev Shumen University Edgar Allan Poe was born on January 19, 1809 in Boston, Massachusetts. He is one of the most significant writers in the American history. Well known for its mystery and horror stories he is considered part of the Romantic movement in US and the inventor of detective fiction genre. On January 29, 1845 he publishes his poem The Raven in the Evening Mirror which grantedRead MoreThe Tortured Poet : Edgar Allan Poe1312 Words   |  6 PagesThe Tortured Poet: Edgar Allan Poe â€Å"Beauty is the sole legitimate province of the poem† Poe, Edgar Allan. The Philosophy of Composition. 1846. The name Poe often brings to mind tales of horror and mystery, but this Poe was also a writer of sophisticated poems, capable of extreme poetic beauty within a dark genre of writing. Poe never lived the happiest of lives, but his writing is extraordinary, both for its execution, and for the sheer elegance of the words which he found to write upon the pageRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe s Writing Style1303 Words   |  6 Pagesprovince of the poem† Poe, Edgar Allan. The Philosophy of Composition. 1846. The name Poe often brings to mind tales of horror and mystery, but this Poe was also a writer of sophisticated poems, capable of extreme poetic beauty within a dark genre of writing. Poe never lived the happiest of lives, but his writing is extraordinary, both for its execution, and for the sheer elegance of the words which he found to write upon the page. Death is amo ng one of the recurring themes which Poe explored. Dark andRead MoreThe Tell Tale Heart By Edgar Allan Poe1161 Words   |  5 PagesOut of a vast quantity of these English historians, one stood out to me, his name is Edgar Allan Poe. Poe’s writing had its own unique gothic and horror style. The story, The Tell-Tale Heart is one of his very popular pieces of literature, it not only tells a story, but uses Poe’s unique style of writing to silently incorporate different genres, themes, and symbolism to create a sub-story within the text itself. Poe was born in Boston Massachusetts on January 19, 1809. At the young age of just 2 yearsRead More Edgar Allen Poe Essay1637 Words   |  7 PagesEdgar Allen Poe Edgar Allen Poes life was bombarded with misery, financial problems, and death but he still managed to become a world-renowned writer. Although he attended the most prestigious of schools he was often looked over as a writer and poet during his career. His stories were odd and misunderstood during their time. However, now they are loved a read by millions. On January 19, 1809 Edgar Allan Poe was born in Boston, Massachusetts at a lodging house. His parents David and Elizabeth

Building Infrastructure Projects Like Highways,...

What is ‘project finance’? The term features prominently in the press, more specifically with respect to infrastructure, public and private venture capital needs. The press often refers to huge projects, such as building infrastructure projects like highways, Eurotunnel, metro systems, or air- ports. It is a technique that has been used to raise huge amounts of cap- ital and promises to continue to do so, in both developed and developing countries, for the foreseeable future. While project finance bears certain similarities to syndicated lending, there are a host of specific issues that mean that it is essentially a specialized dis- cipline unto itself, effectively a discrete subset of syndicated lending. P roject finance is generally†¦show more content†¦These various participants have differing contractual obligations, and the resultant risk and reward varies with the function and performance of these various parties. Ideally, the debt servicing will be supported by the project cash flow dynamics as opposed to the participants, who at best provide limited coverage. 2.Main Legal Contractual Foundations P roject finance transactions are complex transactions that often require numerous players in interdependent relationships. To illustrate, we provide an organization diagram of the various players seen from the viewpoint of an agent bank in a generic project finance transaction: ââ€"   The core of a project financing is typically the project company, which is a special purpose vehicle (SPV) that consists of the consortium share- holders (such as contractors or operators who may be investors or have other interests in the project). The SPV is formed specifically to build and operate the project. The SPV can be structured either as a local project company or a joint venture ( JV) consortium. ââ€"   The SPV is created as an independent legal entity, which enters into contractual agreements with a number of other parties necessary to the project. The contracts form the

How do children become successful learners Free Essays

string(54) " the formal operations this stage finishes at eleven\." Introduction There are many aspects to how children become successful learners. Many ideas need to be considered when answering a question such as this. These include different learning theories such as behaviourist theory, humanist theory and constructionist theory along with this there will be different theorists that also need to be taken into account, these are Pavlov, Rogers, Piaget, Bruner and Vygotsky, these theorists all look at how children learn in different ways. We will write a custom essay sample on How do children become successful learners? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Social and emotional aspects of learning (SEAL) is also an important part of how children become successful learners. Also how play can help children learn. Finally what needs to be considered are the barriers of which children come across when learning. There is not a universal way to describe what learning it; many people describe it in different ways. One way in which it has been described is â€Å"Learning is an enduring change in the mechanisms of behaviour involving specific stimuli and/ or responses that result from prior experience with similar stimuli and responses.† M. DomJan, 1998, pg 13. Behaviourists believe that children learn by changing their behaviour. Behaviourist learning theory is based upon changes in behaviour. Behaviourists believe that people start off with a clean slate and then behaviour is learnt through positive and negative reinforcement. â€Å"Learning is therefore defined as a change in behaviour in the learner. Lots of (early) behaviourist work was done with animals (e.g. Pavlov’s dogs) and generalized to humans.† Learning theories knowledgebase, accessed 15/3/11. Pavlov’s theory was classical conditioning. He believed that you learn by a conditioned response. He did an experiment with a dog in which he used and unconditioned stimulus, which in this case was food, this produced an unconditioned response which was salivation; he used a condition stimulus which was a bell to achieve the response of salivation. He eventually found that the food was not necessary to achieve the response that was wanted and that just using the stim ulus alone gave the conditioned response. Therefore if children are given the right negative and positive reinforcement at the right time they can become successful learners. The humanistic theory looks at the natural desire that everybody wants to learn. They believe that learners need to be able to control what they are learning for it to be self-learning. They believe that â€Å"the teacher relinquishes a great deal of authority and becomes a facilitator.† Atherton J S (2011) – accessed 15/3/11. Rogers is one of the theorists associated with the humanistic theory. Rogers believes that learning can be divided into two categories. He believed that there is the learning of useless information that is easily forgotten as it has no meaning. He says â€Å"education becomes the futile attempt to learn material that has no personal meaning. Such learning involves the mind only. It is learning that takes place from the neck up and does not involve feelings or personal meanings; it has no relevance for the whole person.† C, Rogers, 1983, pg 19. The other is significant and meaningful learning. If a child is interested in what they learn they are more likely to learn. This is because they are going to be listening to what is being taught. Also if a teacher is more of a facilitator the child is learning what they want to learn and having the achievement of accomplishing a task for themselves. If what they are learning is personal to them they are more likely to want to learn the information. Thus ensuring the child is becoming successful in their learning. Another theory on how children become successful learners is constructionist theory. This is split into two categories the first being cognitive constructionist. Piaget believed in fixed stages of development whereas Bruner believed in similar stages but these were flexible. Piaget’s stages consisted of sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations and formal operations. The first stage is from birth to age two. At this stage children cannot see other people’s viewpoints. Piaget has split the first stage into six sub stages these are simple reflexes, first habits and primary circular reactions, secondary circular reactions, coordination of secondary circular reactions, tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity; and internalization of schemes. The first sub stage is from birth to one month, a baby uses reflexes such as sucking and rooting. The next sub stage is first habits and primary circular. This continues from the first stage and finishes at around fo ur months. This is where a child tries to do an action they had previously done by accident. For example a child sucking their thumb, a baby puts their thumb in their mouth for the first time by accident and will come to learn how to do it again. The third stage is secondary circular reactions, this happens until the baby is eight months. A baby will start to look further than themselves, becoming aware of objects for example. An example of this is when they shake a rattle and continue to do so for the sake of doing it because they can. The next sub stage is until twelve months. They are starting to do things intentionally now rather than by accident. The fifth sub stage is from twelve month until a child is eighteen months old. A child is now starting to try out new things to see what different results they can achieve. Finally in the last of this stages sub stage Piaget says that they are now starting to have symbolic thinking. The next stage after a child is two is preoperation al and this stage continues until a child is seven. â€Å"The child is not yet able to conceptualize abstractly and needs concrete physical situations. Objects are classified in simple ways, especially by important features.† Learning Theories Knowledgebase 17/3/11. The next stage is concrete operations this stage is from the age of seven to eleven. At this stage a child can now start to think logically. The final of Piaget’s stages is the formal operations this stage finishes at eleven. You read "How do children become successful learners?" in category "Essay examples" Children can now have hypothetical reasoning and has now got the ability to have abstract thinking. Piaget says these are fixed, however not all children are the same therefore this cannot be as simple as what Piaget is saying. Children develop at different times and also children learn at different paces. Children have different learning experiences therefore they will learn different things and in di fferent ways. Piaget believes that a child learns by doing, therefore while a child is in a lesson it is essential that they get to do the task rather than just having a text book as they will not learn as they are not doing anything to help them learn. The second part to constructionist theory is social constructionist theory. Vygotsky is a theorist who looks at this. Vygotsky developed a theory on zone of proximal development. Vygotsky explained this as â€Å"the child is able to copy a series of actions which surpass his or her own capacities, but only within limits. By means of copying, the child is able to perform much better when together with and guided by adults than when left alone, and can do so with understanding and independently. The difference between the level of solved tasks that can be performed with adult guidance and help and the level of independently solved tasks is the zone of proximal development.† Vygotsky, 1983, pg 117. Vygotsky said that there is a difference between what a child can do by themselves and what they can do with someone as a facilitator. He said that â€Å"each child, in any domain, has an actual developmental level, which can be assessed by testing him or her individually, and an imm ediate potential for development within that domain.† Luis C. Moll (1990) pg, 156. Vygotsky suggested that it is not just the teachers who are able to be the facilitator it is also a person’s peers. Vygotsky is saying that a child may not be able to reach the goal that has been set but with a little help the child can become successful in the task that has been given. If this happens they will then next time not need the help that they needed the first time around as they have already learnt the new skills that they needed for that task. When looking at successful learners you need to look at children’s social and emotional needs. There has been a new initiative from 2005 in primary schools and 2007 in secondary schools. SEAL is described as â€Å"a comprehensive, whole-school approach to promoting the social and emotional skills that underpin effective learning, positive behaviour, regular attendance, staff effectiveness and the emotional health and well-being of all who learn and work in schools† (DCSF, 2007, p.4). Ensuring that children’s social and emotional needs are met can help with a child’s learning. SEAL helps promote social skills as well as emotional skills these are â€Å"Social and emotional skills are the skills of making positive relationships with other people, of understanding and managing ourselves and our own emotions, thoughts, and behaviours, and understanding and responding to the emotions and behaviour of others, in ways that are in the best long-term interest of ourselves and others.† nationalstrategies.standards.dcsf.gov.uk accessed 20/3/11. SEAL is important for children as a child who is socially and emotionally competent is a happier child within them self. If a child is happier they are going to learn more as they are not going to be pre-occupied with other things that may be on their mind as they will be able to cope with emotional aspects of their life. The lessons could also make the child calmer which means they can avoid conflict within normal lesson helping them and others to learn more as they will not have the distractions. The SEAL programme is based upon Goleman’s five- fold categorisations. These are self awareness, Managing feelings, Motivation, social skills and Empathy. The first of his categorisations is self-awareness this is where a person values them self and can describe their thoughts feelings and beliefs. Also the person can talk about their own strength and weaknesses. If a child knows this, this can help them to learn. They can understand what their weaknesses are and can build upon this. They know what strengths they can use to build learn about their own weaknesses. Also managing feelings can help someone learn if a person knows their own feelings they can learn to control this and become a calmer learner. It can stop a child from becoming frustrated when trying to learn a new skill and instead work through what they need to do. Motivation is also a key part in a child’s learning. This is â€Å"Working towards goals, and being more persistent, resilient and optimistic. Wh en we can set ourselves goals, work out effective strategies for reaching those goals, and respond effectively to setbacks and difficulties, we can approach learning situations in a positive way and maximise our ability to achieve our potential.† Department for education and skills, 2007- accessed 20/3/11. If a child can set them self a goal they will be able to achieve a lot more as they have something to aim for. Children will be able to learn better if they have an achievable goal for them self. Social skills is another of Goleman’s categorisations, this is where a child has the efficient skills to communicate with people. This can make successful learners as having these skills can reduce negative feelings and also stop children having distraction while in a learning environment. Also having interaction with other people can improve a way a person learns as they are a happier people and will want to learn more. Finally his last categorisation is empathy; this is whe re people can understand other people’s thoughts and feelings. This helps with a child’s learning as it helps children to learn about cultural diversity. The SEAL programme has improved children’s learning. â€Å"The SEAL pilot programme has demonstrated, in Ofsted’s view, that schools can make a positive difference to the development of social, emotional and behavioural skills. In the schools where the programme was most successful, it had begun to influence attitudes to learning as well as aspects of behaviour† www.teachingexpertise.com accessed 20/3/11. Bibliography Department for Children, Schools and Families (2007). Social and emotional aspects of learning for secondary schools. Nottingham: DCSF Publications. Domjan,M (1998). The Principles of learning and Behaviour. Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole. Luis C. Moll (1990). Vygotsky and education. New York: Cambridge university press Rogers, C (1983). Freedom to learn. Columbus: Charles, E. Merrill Vygotsky, L, S (1983). The psychology of the written language: Developmental and educational perspectived. New York: Wiley Learning Theories Knowledgebase (2011, March). Behaviorism at Learning-Theories.com. http://www.learning-theories.com/behaviorism.html Learning Theories Knowledgebase (2011, March). Stage Theory of Cognitive Development (Piaget) at Learning-Theories.com. http://www.learning-theories.com/piagets-stage-theory-of-cognitive-development.html Atherton J S (2011) Learning and Teaching; Humanistic approaches to learning [On-line: UK] retrieved 23 March 2011 from http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/humanist.htm http://nationalstrategies.standards.dcsf.gov.uk/node/66431 Department for Education and skills. (2007). Social and emotional aspects of learning. Available: www.teachernet.gov.uk/publications. www.teachingexpertise.com accessed 20/3/11 How to cite How do children become successful learners?, Essay examples

Social Ethical Aaccounting and Auditing

Question: Discuss about the Social Ethical Aaccounting and Auditing. Answer: Introduction In 21st century, ethics is no more an option or luxury; but has become one of the inevitable features in an organization. According to Bird et al. (2013), every organizational business should have legal or moral responsibility and should keep ethics as a primary priority. The organizations need to have ethics, rules, regulations and principles in their operations as it elevates their social status and reputation. The IT professionals and other related organizations should embrace ethics in their business culture. As suggested by Bredin et al. (2015), adoption of value based culture within organizations help in influencing the society positively. Ethics within organization not only leverage the cultural and social values; but also tends to maintain relationship among internal and external stakeholders. It plays an important role in governing an individuals or organizations activities as well as its decisions. This research report will be discussing certain ethical issues of the stakeholders along with several reasons behind resolving IBM-GSAs issues in an ethical way rather than legally. Moreover, this report also focuses on ethical obligations that stakeholders should have towards the general population as well as towards them. The guidance of ACS (Australian Computer Society) based on code of ethics is discussed pertaining to the case of IBM-GSA. Ethical Issues of Stakeholders As opined by Costa and Menichini (2013), stakeholders are the individuals those are directly and indirectly linked with the organizational operations. The success of business lies solely on the satisfaction level and involvement of stakeholders. The business stakeholders should maintain an ethical and friendly relationship with one another apart from profit making and increasing productivity. The shareholders or stockholders should behave ethically in engaging their capital in an effective and efficient way. They should be careful of not exploiting the resources of the organizations that may severely hurt the reputation of companies. Dawkins (2014) commented that managers of the organizations should have to be ethical in their approach. They should make the maximum and positive utilization of organizations resources for increasing productivity and performance; thereby maintaining organizational reputation. The managers also have an access to many of the key resources of the organizat ional operation; hence they should not disclose any of the organizational secrets to others. There are many organizations that make its employees sign NDSs (Non Disclosure Agreements) as one of their employment clauses. It, therefore, restricts employees from sharing information with their future employers. Moreover, Leavitt et al. (2015) also mentioned that employees should act ethically as they are the structural pillars of an organization. At the same time, organizations also should treat their employees well by giving them timely payments, incentives and appraisals based on their working capability, productivity and skills. Moreover, organizations should also embrace occupational laws and workplace safety laws for treating employees ethically and fairly. Along with this, Henriques and Richardson (2013) also commented that suppliers and distributors also should be paid fairly and in-time for their services to the organizations. Similarly, the suppliers also should be ethical in their approach through providing premium quality products at the agreed upon prices. Customers should be ethically treated and should be provided equal value for the amount they are spending for the products and services. It, therefore, helps in improving effectiveness as well as efficiency of the organization along with attract new and potential customers. In 1999, IBM-GSA was one of the IT outsourcing groups that handled Health Insurance of the aged and other health related people. At the time of tender presentation, the company was asked to revise its final pricing. After that, the minister announced IMB-GSA to be the proud winner of the health tender. But, after 3 years the minister declared that the tender of IMB-GSA that cost around $350 million was cancelled (Kerzner, 2013). As per the minster, it was canceled due to Probity Auditors limited role in that tender as well as missing out of a separate issue. But, OASITO (Office of Asset Sales and Information Technology Outsourcing) said that the Probity Auditor was a part of the discussion and hence he was happy to deliver the messages for due course of action. This illegal activity from the Governance towards the organization was unacceptable (Foucault, 2013). Reasons behind resolving issues of IBM-GSA via ethical aspects rather than legal aspects There are certain cases where issues need to be solved via ethical aspects rather than legal aspects. According to Weiss (2014), sometimes several situations arise at the workplace where the reputation of the organization is at stake. So, it is better to deal those situations in a planned and ethical way, rather than adopting legal ways that may harm the companys reputation. One of the reasons behind adopting resolving issues in legal way is due to respecting autonomy. The stakeholders initially should take measures in solving the problem associated with the organization. It will definitely help in improving self-determination as well as self-reliance of the organization. Moreover, Williamson et al. (2012) also mentioned that another reason behind solving ethically is to have a conversation with the guilty stakeholders regarding their step towards adoption of unethical means within the organization. It is necessary to treat all the stakeholders fairly and equitable irrespective of an y position they hold in an organization. If the stakeholders are found guilty, they should have the moral of carrying out their own responsibility rather than pointing on others. Moreover, Taebi et al. (2014) commented that another reason of opting ethical way of solving problem is due to interpersonal relationship with the stakeholders. So, the other stakeholders for maintaining the relationship without hampering tends to solve problems with discussion. It will help in keeping the organizational secrets within the organization without destroying the brand image and reputation of the organization. In this kind of dilemma, it is necessary to maintain secrets and takes actions ethically so that it doesnt affect the external stakeholders. Snape et al. (2014) stated that another reason behind solving problems ethically is gathering appropriate information and data related to this case. Without having proper evidences in-hand, one cannot question stakeholders honesty, integrity and moral values. So, before accusing any of the stakeholders, evidence and proof should be present. In case of IBM-GSA, the case of cancellation of tender came forward after the minister h ad left the position. So, to maintain the integrity and reliability of the Government, this case has been handled ethically rather than taking legal actions. Ethical obligations stakeholders should have towards one another and general population Zadek et al. (2013) stated that stakeholders of an organization should have ethical obligations towards society, general civilians and for one another. The obligations help in long term and sustainable growth and development of the organization. Moreover, it also contributes in developing and maintaining a healthy relationship with other stakeholders, civilians and society. The mangers being one of the important stakeholders aim towards bringing into self-confidence, behavioral as well as personality traits within the employees. So, if the managers are unethical in their approach, then it is obvious that their followers will do the same. It will, therefore result in hampering of organizational image as well as status. As stated by Prez and Del Bosque (2013), every stakeholder is bound to follow organizations rules, regulations and objectives. Moreover, each f the stakeholders are well-connected with one another. So, any kind of unethical conduct may impact on the other stakeholders a dversely. The entire chain f business operation will be disrupted affecting on organizational productivity, social position and revenue collection. According to Costa and Menichini (2013), as per ethical obligations, the stakeholders must work together for fulfilling their professional goals rather than personal goals. If any of the stakeholders is working to fulfill their personal goals, it may create conflict among stakeholders. Each of the stakeholders tends to emphasis on fulfilling their personal objectives and hence it will totally destroy and ruin the organization both monetarily as well as image value. Bredin et al. (2015) commented that the stakeholders should have ethical considerations towards other organizations where child labor is still practiced. They tend to boycott such organizations as it may impact negatively on the organizational reputations. Moreover, to operate ethically, certain CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) activities have been included within the organization. The contribution of the stakeholders towards social responsibility therefore, sets an example to the other organizations and stakeholders to operate ethically. Guidance of Australian Computer Societys (ACS) Code of Ethics to IBM-GSA According to Levenseller et al. (2014), the members of ACS should hold dignity, honor and effectiveness in their professionalism and approach. It aims towards making its members ethical in their approach, a good citizen and conduct their activities adhering to rules and principles. The codes of Conduct those laid down by ACS states that organizations should be focus primarily on public interest, should enhance the quality of life and should embrace competence, honesty, competence, professional development and professionalism. These principles are strictly applicable to all the ACS members irrespective of their role and expertise in the ICT (Information and Communications Technology) industry. Pahl-Wostl et al. (2013) stated that ACS makes sure to encourage positive business activities and discourage all sorts of negativity from the organizations. Even more, in cases of ethical dilemmas, ACS plays an important role in solving it. It expects its members to respect peoples privacy and a lso refrain themselves from unfair treatment of employees. As opined by Nijboer et al. (2013), while adhering to public interest, the organization should primarily identify the areas those largely impacts the business operation along with their interests. It should also look into any conflicts that arise between is members personal and professional interest and hence take effective steps in eradicating it. It also aims towards respecting intellectual property as well as endeavor in preserving privacy as well as confidentiality of the information. Molster et al. (2013) commented that while enhancing the quality of life, ACS aims towards protecting and promoting safety and health issues at workplace. It also attempts to increase the level of personal satisfaction and pleasure in working ethically. Along with this, ACS also involves in interrogating the affected areas and find possible solutions to it. Moreover, it aims towards its members of not-breaching the public trust or any of the stakeholders trust in business. The members are bound to r eject any offers of bribery and should work on enhancing their reputation at their expense rather than taking credit from others (Shafer, 2015). Prez and Del Bosque (2013) opined that competence is anther platform the ACS members should adopt for accepting the responsibility of their conduct. It also says that it shouldnt misinterpret their skills and knowledge. Rather, they should take care of the products and services for matching it with the stakeholders needs. The members should be abided by professional development and professionalism. It, therefore, helps the members in encouraging their colleagues and employees to work better. Moreover, it also takes appropriate actions against people those are engaged in illegal and unethical activities within and outside the organization (Shapiro and Stefkovich, 2016). Conclusion This report highlights the immoral case of IBM-GSA where its tender was cancelled by the minister unethically. Though the organization adopted NDA signing of its employees, still due to unethical approach of a group of individuals or individual, the entire tender was cancelled. He legal documents that showed the companys final pricing for the health insurance was leaked to its competitors. It may involve governance and other stakeholders involvement behind this cancellation. The report also extended its discussion towards explaining reasons regarding adopting ethical aspects rather than legal aspects to solve this problem. It was seen that due to prevent loss of faith of common civilians on faith on government. It may also highlight name of certain organizational stakeholders that will ultimately reduce the reputation of the organization. The ACS also involved in providing several codes of ethics and conducts that the stakeholders of different organizations should be abided with. Mor eover, this report also explains the ethical obligations that stakeholders should have for one another is also discussed n this context. References Bird, J., Byass, P., Kahn, K., Mee, P. and Fottrell, E., 2013, April. A matter of life and death: practical and ethical constraints in the development of a mobile verbal autopsy tool. InProceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems(pp. 1489-1498). ACM. Bredin, Y.K., Lindhjem, H., van Dijk, J. and Linnell, J.D., 2015. Mapping value plurality towards ecosystem services in the case of Norwegian wildlife management: AQ analysis.Ecological Economics,118, pp.198-206. Costa, R. and Menichini, T., 2013. A multidimensional approach for CSR assessment: the importance of the stakeholder perception.Expert Systems with Applications,40(1), pp.150-161. Dawkins, C.E., 2014. The principle of good faith: Toward substantive stakeholder engagement.Journal of Business Ethics,121(2), pp.283-295. Foucault, M., 2013.Politics, philosophy, culture: Interviews and other writings, 1977-1984. Routledge. Henriques, A. and Richardson, J. eds., 2013.The triple bottom line: Does it all add up. Routledge. Kerzner, H.R., 2013.Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Leavitt, K., Zhu, L. and Aquino, K., 2015. Good Without Knowing it: Subtle Contextual Cues can Activate Moral Identity and Reshape Moral Intuition. Journal of Business Ethics, pp.1-16. Levenseller, B.L., Soucier, D.J., Miller, V.A., Harris, D., Conway, L. and Bernhardt, B.A., 2014. Stakeholders opinions on the implementation of pediatric whole exome sequencing: implications for informed consent. Journal of genetic counseling,23(4), pp.552-565. Molster, C., Maxwell, S., Youngs, L., Kyne, G., Hope, F., Dawkins, H. and OLeary, P., 2013. Blueprint for a deliberative public forum on biobanking policy: were theoretical principles achievable in practice?.Health Expectations,16(2), pp.211-224. Nijboer, F., Clausen, J., Allison, B.Z. and Haselager, P., 2013. The asilomar survey: Stakeholders opinions on ethical issues related to brain-computer interfacing.Neuroethics,6(3), pp.541-578. Pahl-Wostl, C., Giupponi, C., Richards, K., Binder, C., de Sherbinin, A., Sprinz, D., Toonen, T. and van Bers, C., 2013. Transition towards a new global change science: Requirements for methodologies, methods, data and knowledge.Environmental science policy,28, pp.36-47. Prez, A. and Del Bosque, I.R., 2013. Measuring CSR image: three studies to develop and to validate a reliable measurement tool.Journal of business ethics,118(2), pp.265-286. Shafer, W.E., 2015. Ethical climate, social responsibility, and earnings management.Journal of Business Ethics,126(1), pp.43-60. Shapiro, J.P. and Stefkovich, J.A., 2016.Ethical leadership and decision making in education: Applying theoretical perspectives to complex dilemmas. Routledge. Snape, D., Kirkham, J., Preston, J., Popay, J., Britten, N., Collins, M., Froggatt, K., Gibson, A., Lobban, F., Wyatt, K. and Jacoby, A., 2014. Exploring areas of consensus and conflict around values underpinning public involvement in health and social care research: a modified Delphi study.BMJ open,4(1), p.e004217. Taebi, B., Correlje, A., Cuppen, E., Dignum, M. and Pesch, U., 2014. Responsible innovation as an endorsement of public values: The need for interdisciplinary research.Journal of Responsible Innovation,1(1), pp.118-124. Weiss, J.W., 2014.Business ethics: A stakeholder and issues management approach. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Williamson, P.R., Altman, D.G., Blazeby, J.M., Clarke, M., Devane, D., Gargon, E. and Tugwell, P., 2012. Developing core outcome sets for clinical trials: issues to consider.Trials,13(1), p.1. Zadek, S., Evans, R. and Pruzan, P., 2013.Building corporate accountability: Emerging practice in social and ethical accounting and auditing. Routledge.

Stand and delivee movie critique free essay sample

Stand and Deliver is the movie I chose because I want to learn about latinos and how they are qualified in their education in America and because I want to learn about how much a person can succeed when their surroundings aren’t the safest to their life and future. I’ve seen many occasions where latino’s intelligence has been put down to the floor because of their culture, their background, and/or even the barrio they are from and aren’t given the support that they need. Reputation seems to matter a lot in American history. The way you represent yourself, the way you dress, or even the place you come from impacts many latinos studies in America. Stand and Deliver is a great example of this because it demonstrates us that the latin culture has been settle for less in education, business, work etc. because of the way they perform themselves among outer and inner groups, but even if the culture has a bad reputation they can always succeed when hard work is put into hands. We will write a custom essay sample on Stand and delivee movie critique or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They also have the capacity to level themselves up from the low expectations society has put on the people with certain customs, traditions, and different barrios. Stand and Deliver the title says it all standing up and delivering what has been put into your hands. This movies shows to us Latinos and American education. The American public school system could be improved in many places, as everyone knows ­ and too often the public schools are places where instead of learning how to

Free Essays on Origin Of World In Egyptian Mythology

Their understanding of the cosmic order was from direct observation of nature. Therefore their creation myths concern themselves with gods of nature; the earth, the sky, the sun, the moon, the stars, and of course, the Nile river. According to their ancient belief, waters of chaos surrounded the world, which was divided in three parts: â€Å"Earth†, â€Å"Sky† and â€Å"Underworld† also known as â€Å"Duat†. In their belief the sun used to journey down to the underworld at night, which was why it couldn’t be seen. But the crucial and disturbing question that came to pass was that how did it all began in the first place. There are numerous perception and paradigms concerning this essential question. â€Å"The River Nile† had an all-enveloping aspect on the Egyptian life. The Nile was worshipped as a god and had a place in Egyptian ritual and mythology. . Since the Nile River, with its annual floods played a critical role in this cosmic order. It should come as no surprise to find water the fundamental element in the Egyptians ideas of creation. As with the Nile, each year the flood no doubt caused commotion to all creatures living on the land, eventually the floods would recede and out of the chaos of water would emerge a mound, which contained procreative energy that was the source of all life. The mound was the key to all creations. This â€Å"Risen Land† personified the god â€Å"Tatjenen†. Now after that another essential question that arose was where did this mound arose at first and who was the first god to appear. Division of Egypt: Looking back at Egyptian civilization we find that it was divided in two parts; â€Å"Upper Egypt† also known as â€Å"Heliopolis† and â€Å"Lower Egypt† known as â€Å"Hermopolis†. Each of these claiming that the mound rose in their part of the land gave different theories about the origin of world. Heliopolis’s Conception: At â€Å"Heliopolis† the â€Å"Ennead† i.e. â€Å"Group of nine gods† were worsh... Free Essays on Origin Of World In Egyptian Mythology Free Essays on Origin Of World In Egyptian Mythology Their understanding of the cosmic order was from direct observation of nature. Therefore their creation myths concern themselves with gods of nature; the earth, the sky, the sun, the moon, the stars, and of course, the Nile river. According to their ancient belief, waters of chaos surrounded the world, which was divided in three parts: â€Å"Earth†, â€Å"Sky† and â€Å"Underworld† also known as â€Å"Duat†. In their belief the sun used to journey down to the underworld at night, which was why it couldn’t be seen. But the crucial and disturbing question that came to pass was that how did it all began in the first place. There are numerous perception and paradigms concerning this essential question. â€Å"The River Nile† had an all-enveloping aspect on the Egyptian life. The Nile was worshipped as a god and had a place in Egyptian ritual and mythology. . Since the Nile River, with its annual floods played a critical role in this cosmic order. It should come as no surprise to find water the fundamental element in the Egyptians ideas of creation. As with the Nile, each year the flood no doubt caused commotion to all creatures living on the land, eventually the floods would recede and out of the chaos of water would emerge a mound, which contained procreative energy that was the source of all life. The mound was the key to all creations. This â€Å"Risen Land† personified the god â€Å"Tatjenen†. Now after that another essential question that arose was where did this mound arose at first and who was the first god to appear. Division of Egypt: Looking back at Egyptian civilization we find that it was divided in two parts; â€Å"Upper Egypt† also known as â€Å"Heliopolis† and â€Å"Lower Egypt† known as â€Å"Hermopolis†. Each of these claiming that the mound rose in their part of the land gave different theories about the origin of world. Heliopolis’s Conception: At â€Å"Heliopolis† the â€Å"Ennead† i.e. â€Å"Group of nine gods† were worsh...

(BKK)Managing Diversity Awareness Campaign Essay

(BKK)Managing Diversity Awareness Campaign - Essay Example al., 2006). One of the prominent reasons behind an increase in the differences amongst the employees lies with the inability of the managers or supervisors to manage the employees, resulting to gender inequality in the workplace. An important example of this can be the increasing tendency to develop and provide growth opportunities to the male employees in comparison to the females. Hence, there exists a need to develop several alternatives by which gender can be managed in the workplace, and which would lead to the establishment of a sustainable organization (European Union, 2008). Gender management is important, as it increases the scope of gender diversity and enables the employees to focus upon their respective goals. In this respect, the employees are able to perform their tasks as team members for effective attainment of organizational objectives (Powell, 1994). The diversity awareness campaign will be aimed at â€Å"Gender diversity in the workplace†, which is needed to be managed in order to prevent the emergence and development of differences with respect to employees. One of the most widely used tools to manage gender diversity in the workplace, which plays a crucial role in avoidance of conflicts is leadership. The diversity awareness campaign would focus upon a number of strategies to manage gender diversity in the workplace (UNDP, 2010). Leadership must be considered as the first priority of an organization, as it is regarded as an important driver of change. Leaders can play a lead role in facilitating gender diversity by providing quality training to the employees and ensuring that every employee works as a team and have equal opportunity to participate in the organizational decision making processes. Furthermore, a leader helps in establishment of gender equality through focusing upon formulation of gender equality initiatives (AHRI, 2012). ‘Focus’ is

Thesis that uses your original profile and your newly collected data Essay

Thesis that uses your original profile and your newly collected data to clearly present your point to your audience - Essay Example It has been observed that the most significant qualities of a transformational leader are strong execution skills, leading by example and the ability to sense what requires change. The existence of a truly ‘transformational’ leader was identified James MacGregor Burns who differentiated between leaders who were transactional in nature and those who were transformational in nature. The latter were defined as those that brought about some considerable, constructive change in the mindset of the organization and its employees through the use of powerful vision and motivational tactics to enable the various organizational actors to look beyond their immediate self-interests and work for the interest of the entire organization (Burns). However, this definition is criticized on the grounds that the pressing need and struggle for bringing â€Å"change† can divert the efforts of the followers away from the core tasks. For example, a school principal who insists on change management will hamper students’ learning by forcefully engaging them in CSR activities and taking time away from them. The CSR program is designed to enhance the level of ed ucational standards within institutions and is funded by the state (U.S Department of Education). The purpose of this program is to enable students of all levels to achieve the high academic standards set by the state after thorough research (U.S Department of Education). Schools are then required to fulfill the eleven aspects of this reform. These components include professional development of staff, setting up of SMART goals, parental involvement in bringing about improvements as well as the use of an external partner that assists the school in implementing these reforms (U.S Department of Education). The fact that the most significant quality is that of having a strong vision is also heavily debated. There are leaders who have an excellent vision, they know where to get but either do not know how to get there or

History of Development Exxon Mobil Research Paper

History of Development of Exxon Mobil - Research Paper Example In 1870, Standard Oil Company with Rockefeller and his associates transformed the Exxon Mobile and the combined facilities became the main basis of what had been known as the largest refining capacity of any single company in the world. Standard had been carried as a name due to fact that the word means uniform which pertains to the quality of the oil products. In the same decade, specifically in 1879, the Standard Oil Co. owned a significant part of the Vacuum Oil Company, a pioneer in lubricant products. The company which was established by Matthew Ewing and Hiram Bond Everest was known for products such as the revolutionary Gargoyle 600-W Steam Cylinder Oil (ExxonMobil Site). In the same year, the Standard Oil Trust had been established in cooperation with 30 affiliated companies (Tracy, Tordo and Arfaa 15). In the next decade, 1880, the domestic share in the refining of the company increased to 95 percent (Tracy, Tordo and Arfaa 15). In 1882, the Standard Oil products were used for Thomas Edison’s first central generating system. In the same year, the Standard Oil Companies in New Jersey and New York were included in the Trust. The headquarters of Standard Oil Trust then moved to Broadway, New York in a 9-story office which became one of the most important landmarks in the city. Also in the same year, the Gargoyle Arctic was developed by Vacuum and used for new designs of generators and motors for a maximum speed of 1000 rpm (ExxonMobil Site). The new century still opened new opportunities for the company. In 1903, the Wright brothers were included in the loyal clients of Jersey Standard fuel and Mobiloil lubricants by Vacuum.

Leadership Plays Significant Role In Organizations Management Essay

Leadership Plays Significant Role In Organizations Management Essay Leadership plays an important and significant role in the organizations operation today. Leadership is seen as the capability of a leader to organize and form a group of people so that they can work together towards the way that achieves a shared vision and goal (Rudd, 2000; Kouzes and Posner, 1995, p.30). In terms of the meaning of leadership, it can be shown in different situations, and be expressed in different form (Rudd, 2000). The discussion of leadership can be derived from the behaviour of leaders and followers which between the relationship of those who is able to inspire others to follow their instruction and those who is willing to be led (Kouzes Posner, 1993). A leader that is able to encourage the organizational commitment of his or her followers is seen as an effective leader. Besides that, an effective leader is able and willing to share the vision, objectives, and plan to the employees. A competence leader will be able to set an achievable goal and lead the followers toward the goal together. An organization that is able to develop to retain the effective leaders will achieve a good result in the productivity and employees commitment to the jobs. According to Kouzes (1999, p.64), without the assistant, encouragement and motivation from others, one will not be able to reach a fascinating achievement. Thus, leadership is a significant determinant of the organizations effectiveness. For several decades, the literature study of leadership had been playing an important role for the area of organizational behaviour. A good practice of leadership with the supported of top management in the organization will encourage the employees job satisfaction, motivation and positive thinking. This will result in organizational commitment of the employees. According to Kouzes (1999, p.64), employees will feel confidence about themselves and be able to have a better performance when they work with a leader that always motivate, encourage, and care about their dignity. Employees that have fully commitment are willing to contribute their effort to the organization. They are willing to stay still with the organization even though at the time when company meet crisis or difficult time. Besides that, employees that have their commitment to the company tend to result in good performance and this will create a win-win situation for the organization as well as the work forces. In the globalization world of today, the implementation of leadership practices in organizations is getting more difficult due to the change in the organizations complexity and their advanced technology and operations. The diversity of current business environment will influent the employees perceptions, expectation and obligations towards the organization (Hyatt, 2007; Drucker, 1997; Kickul Liao-Troth, 2003). Todays organizations are going through downsizing, merging, and restructuring in many ways. Therefore, employees may feel that their organizations are not living up to their expectation. The relationship among the employees within an organization is the main factor to determine the achievement of the organization. Leaders ability to influence, and identify the contribution of the employees is essential to form a positive perception of the employees towards the leaders and organization (Hyatt, 2007; Weber, 1946). Leadership is said to be successful when its meet the expectation of the employees. According to Kouzes and Porner (1990), leadership is a process that involves two parties of people which are leaders and followers that treat each other in an equally way and willing to share the ideas within each other selflessly. A successful leadership depends on the employees perception and trust on the leaders ability. Therefore, the practices of leadership is a platform of winning the trust of the followers and thus results in organizational commitment. The five leadership practices suggested by Kouzes Posner (2009) are (a) Challenging the Process, the extent of a leader that is prepare to face the risks and challenges; (b) Inspiring a Shared Vision, the degree of a leader to share a future plan and vision; (c) Enabling Others to Act, the extent of a leaders to influent others to act; (d) Modelling the Way, the ability of a leader to practice his or her values and be the role model of the follo wers; and (e) Encouraging the Heart, the degree of a leader to show the appreciation and recognise of employees contribution (Carless, 2001). Leadership is an essential element in the association of leader and followers. Leaders play an important role in driving and managing the subordinates. Hence, leadership can be identified as a process of knowledge, skill and social exchange between leaders and followers (Weinberger, 2009). Managers are seen as leaders of their subordinate in an organization. Therefore, the perception of the followers towards their leaders will link to their perception of the company as well as the leadership process. In this study, leadership practices were examined in the context of organizational commitment. Problem Statement Leadership practices are important elements in fostering organizations culture and building organizational commitment for the sustainability of the organization performance. Managers play a significant role to influent the perception of subordinates to the organization through effective leadership practices. Leaders affect their followers directly through their interactions with the followers. However, there is a difference of current managers behaviour. Many of them claim they care about employees expectations, obligation, and well being. Yet, there are managers of some organizations today always implement projects with words and make empty promises to the employees (Hyatt, 2007; Kouzes and Posner, 1993). In such situation, managers can be said that they are not facilitating their obligations, thus the trust and organizational commitment of the employees towards the managers will then decrease. There are studies found that 68% of employees do not have any confidence on their managers words and behaviour. Meanwhile, 43% of employees think their managers always deceive them (Connel, Ferres Travaglione, 2003; Davis and Landa, 1999). Shaw (1997) argues that employees nowadays are getting selfish in terms of knowledge sharing and willingness to contribute to the organization due to the erosion of trust towards their leaders. Consequently, employees decrease their confidence in work and also their organizational commitment. The management literature tends to emphasise the importance of the trust and commitment of employees towards their managers. It is believed that a successful leadership practices in work place promotes greater productivity and commitment among employees (Connel, Ferres Travaglione, 2003). The nurturing of relationship between managers and employees is very important. This is because a relationship that form with mutual trust and respect within all the members in an organization will prepare the organization to confront with difficulties and at the same time create a harmony situation (Kouzes Posner, 2009). A good leadership practices by the managers in the company will increases employees organizational commitment. This can lead to desirable workforce behaviour. Therefore, it needs to be determined if there is a correlation between five leadership practices and organizational commitment among managers in Malaysia. Objectives of Study Generally, this study attempts to investigate the influence of each of five leadership practices on organizational commitment. Specifically, this study aims to: Examine the influence of challenge the process leadership practice on organizational commitment. 2) Examine the influence of inspire a shared vision leadership practice on organizational commitment. 3) Examine the influence of enable others to act leadership practice on organizational commitment. 4) Examine the influence of model the way leadership practice on organizational commitment. 5) Examine the influence of encourage the heart leadership practice on organizational commitment. Today, the movement and speed of the organization in terms of structure, systems, and processes change rapidly. This scenario has increases the need for the organization to train their managers to become better leaders and better (Skipton and Fred, 2010). This study focused on the effectiveness of the leadership practices implemented by the managers in the attempt to influence organizational commitment of their subordinates. Leaders are the group of people that have the ability to lead the subordinates towards desirable objectives even in a diverse situation. This study is conducted among managers in different organization and work place and aims to determine the levels of organizational commitment and leadership practices among manager. Research Question This study will be guided by the following research questions for the purpose of answer the research objectives above. To what extent leadership practice of Challenge the process influence organizational commitment? To what extent leadership practice of Inspire a shared vision influence organizational commitment? To what extent leadership practice of Enable others to act influence organizational commitment? To what extent leadership practice of Model the way influence organizational commitment? To what extent leadership practice of Encourage the heart influence organizational commitment? Hypothesis H1: Leadership practice of Challenge the process has a positive significant influence on organizational commitment. H2: Leadership practice of Inspire a shared vision has a positive significant influence on organizational commitment. H3: Leadership practice of Enable others to act has a positive significant influence on organizational commitment. H4: Leadership practice of Model the way has a positive significant influence on organizational commitment. H5: Leadership practice of Encourage the heart has a positive significant influence on organizational commitment. Conceptual Framework The research of Kouzes and Posner (2003) shown that leadership was a set of practices that can be mastered by leaders through consistent training. In theory, the Leadership Practices Inventory was created in order to have a consistent research on all levels of leaders (Kouzes and Posner, 2006). The purpose of this study is to determine if 5 types of leadership practices is related to the levels of organizational commitment among managers in Malaysia. The independent variables of this study are leadership practices of (a) Challenge the Process, (b) Inspire a Shared Vision, (c) Enable Others to Act, (d) Model the Way, and (e) Encourage the Heart, while the dependent variable will be organizational commitment. The moderating variable of this study is the demographic details of respondents include gender, age, marital status, race, occupation, monthly income, education levels and working experience. Figure 1 shows the research framework of this study. Leadership Practices Q1 Challenge the Process H1 Q2 Inspire a shared vision H2 Q3 Enable others to act H3 Organizational Commitment Q4 Dependent Variable Model the way H4 Q5 Encourage the heart H5 Independent Variable Figure 1: Research Framework Significance of Study Leadership is not something that is difficult and impossible to explain, and it can be understood by ordinary people (Kouzes Posner, 2003). This study will be beneficial to all managers and leaders of different organizations in Malaysia. Through this study, managers get to design leadership programs base on 5 leadership practices. Leadership practices can provide an appropriate and understandable model for the managers in conducting their leadership program. Besides that, leaders that fully understood the 5 leadership practices will lead to a good performance of their team in the organizations. This is because leadership practices conducted by the leaders will receive feedback of the employees in the end of the projects and this will improve their attitudes and behaviours to become better. Leadership practices suggested 5 types of practices should be posses by managers. Managers can improve and foster the relationship with their employees by implementing the leadership practices efficiently. It also increases the confidence of the managers while confront any crisis. Furthermore, leadership practices provide a platform and foundation in forming organizational commitment. Many young people that took leadership course for the first time already have more leadership experience then they realize (Kouzes Posner, 2006). So, this study also helps the part time students of Master Business Administration to obtain more information about leadership practices. This is because they are people from executive levels and have some experience in work place. They may have the chance to become a leader or manager in the future. Therefore, they will have the opportunity to demonstrate the leadership practices in their tasks as a group or team. Through these practices, the employee at executive levels or taking the courses of MBA will be able to improve their performance in work place and building their confidence especially in the time that need to have decision making. 1.7 Definition of Terms Following are some important terms used throughout this study: Leaders: The term leaders refer the body of people who lead a group of people in the organization. Leaders is the people that in charge or in command of others. Leadership: Leadership is a group of people of a particular organization. It is the ability to be a leader or the qualities a good leader should have. Leadership Practices: For the purpose of this research, Leadership Practices is viewed as the tasks of division managers, head of department or supervisor involving in one of the following: (a) Challenging the process, (b) Inspiring a shared vision, (c) Enabling others to act, (d) Modelling the way, (e) Encouraging the heart. Challenging the process: The process that leaders venture out into an unknown world or situation. Leaders constantly look for new and innovative products, processes, and services. Leaders also encourage their employees to challenge the former ways and attitude in doing their work. Inspire a shared vision: The ability of leaders to inspire a shared vision within the followers and spur out their commitment. It is the desire of leaders to change the way things are and create something new. Enable others to act: It is the ability of leaders enables others to act not by coercive power but by their sincerity to affect others. They strengthen followers capacity to deliver on the promises that they make and promote collaboration in the organization. Model the way: The ability of leaders to guide and lead the follows by setting a good example and role model. Leaders model the attitude and behaviour expected by their subordinates in order to achieve high standard of organizational performance. Leaders behaviours and attitudes are far more important than their words (Kouzes and Posner, 2006). The employees would rather believe the person first than the plan. Encourage the heart: The ability of leader to recognize and appreciate the contribution of the employees. Leaders create a culture of cherish the contribution of their followers and reward them for their achievement in order to retain the good employees. Organizational commitment: It is the willingness and feeling of responsibilities of the employees to work hard and contribute their energy and time to a mission or a task in the organization. Managers: A Manager is the person responsible for planning and directing the work of a group of individuals, monitoring their work, and taking corrective action when necessary.

Essay --

How to Organize Your Home Office It is always the desire of many homeowners to have his or her home office well-organized. Many people know that there is no other way to become more productive than having organized home offices. When the home office is well-organized there are many things one would gain from that. It would help the person in easing the type of work he or she is doing; this is because it helps in doing the work better and faster. When the office is clustered it would become extremely difficult for the person to focus or concentrate on the work he or she is doing. The problem like looking for one office material or the other would always be there; this is because the place is in a mess. There are some negative implications to this. One of them is that the person would spend more time in getting small tasks done. He or she could be losing money in the process. The worst is that it makes the person stressful which has some negative health implications. The only way out of all these is to have a well-org anized home office. Here are some simple steps to organizing the home...

Open Source Software

The open source software filling with innovation and vitality 1. Introduction With computer’s development, the software of the computer is more powerful. The software can be divided into two parts which are free and fee-based, and also can be classified with the closed software and the open source software. In order to understand the features of the open source software, and know the reason why the software can be filled with vitality and innovation, which attract a lot of technicists devoting themselves.This paper will give a deep analysis of the open source software in nearly all ranks. This essay mainly includes four parts. Firstly, giving an introduction to the definition of the open innovation and the open source movement and what is the Linux and the history and development of the Linux. Secondly, enumerating some wide use of the open source softwares and taking Linux for example to analyze strengths of open and innovation source software. Thirdly, the author will discus s the challenges and the future of the open source and innovation software.Finally, the author makes a conclusion for the value of the open source and the open innovation. After reading this essay, it’s my target to make you have a better and deep understanding of the concept of open source and open innovation, attempt to make use of the open source software such as Linux operating system, realize the great value of the open source and open innovation, and also be aware of some challenges of the open source and open innovation as well as its future. 2.Open innovation,open source,history of Unix and Linux Henry Chesbrough who is a professor and executive director create the term of open innovation, in his book Open Innovation: The new imperative for creating and profiting from technology, though the idea and discussion about some consequences (especially the inter firm cooperation in R&D) date as far back as the 60s (Chesbrough, 2003). With the development of technology and kn owledge, new creation of the products begins to face challenges. In order to create new alue, we must established extensive connection with the outside world widely, realize the complementary advantages in the knowledge dissemination and sharing to speed up inner innovation. In software, for example, companies such as SAP and Microsoft have started to build research labs on university all over the world to improve the integration of outside-in innovation to create new commercial benefit. Even Apple that is so strong no matter from any ways had to open up its proprietary technology to appeal to the high-tech users.There are some outstanding examples in the electronic industry which are Philips' open innovation park, Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center, Siemens' open innovation program and IBM's open source initiatives. Today, open innovation has been driven by many computer software suppliers on a strategic level. Nowdays the open source software that needs more creative can appeal to people to use. Due to open innovation, we can concentrate the inner and outer power on developing the creation or innovation.The  open source movement  is a profound movement of individuals who support the use of  open source  licenses for some or all software. Open source software is made available for anybody to use or modify, as its source code is made available. Some open-source software is based on a share-alike principle, whereby users are free to pass on the software subject to the rule that any enhancements or changes are just as freely available to the public, while other open-source projects may be freely incorporated into any derivative work, open-source or proprietary(Eu. conecta, 2011) .The open source software allows users to use some or even all software by giving them authorization. What is more, sometimes, the source code is also available to users. That makes it possible for users to read and modify the source code. Usually, any individual can changes and m odify the code and make available to public, and other users can download his/her code, read his/her code, discuss with the writer, and enhance the code. By doing so, the source code can be optimized and consequently the software will be more powerful and a stabilized system because of some users’ creative ideas and critical thinking.The open source is a profound revolution by taking the advantage of users’ participation(Eu. conecta, 2011). Nowdays the security of software is more and more concerned. Though the open source, we can solve the problem of security by a mass of programmers. With the open innovation and open source movement developed, there are a vast of professional and perfect softwares happened. For example, Linux and Unix, Unix operating system that many of the cooperative programmers make efforts in the 1970s is the most successful program that could run on different computer device.A free version of Unix operating system can be attempted to build by th e developers in 1986. There is a project called GNU that stand for â€Å"Gnu’s not Unix† allowing programmers to contribute to the development effort regardless of individual or commercial interests. The most important thing is that the operating system is free for user. The GNU is very famous as a copyleft agreement including four points. The first is that software can be copied and distributed under the GNU license. The second is that products that are obtained and distributed under this license may be sold.The third is that user can alter the source code, but if they want to distribute or publish the source code, they must make the software work under the GNU license. The third is that without a GNU license, the source code could not work , through an individual can modify, distribute and publish the source code. The fourth is that we can develop the assistant technology for the open source software which don’t include core licensed under the GNU license. Ità ¢â‚¬â„¢s not published as the Linux kernel created by a young student who is called Linus Torvalds until in1991.He gave programmers his code so they can contribute to revise and develop the code. Linux becomes into an advanced and powerful operating system, because a mass of programmers analyze the code and write development that Linus included into Linux. With the Linux improved rapidly, there are a series of versions of Linux delivered that can meet different needs. 3. The strengths of open and innovation source software In this section, the author will talk about the wide use of open and innovation source software and its strengths and profound impact to modern society and some traditional fee-based software.It is hard to realize something until we stop for a while and look at how different it is from the software that we know. The open and innovation source software have some incomparable advantages that conventional paid software can’t match. The author will take Linux f or example to discuss the strengths and impact of open and innovation source software. Firstly, the open source movement is the collaborative nature that allows smaller companies to take part in the global economy. The smaller companies or individuals can have rights to access to create, organize, or distribute the software.It’s an equal opportunities for people around the world to participate in the movement. So the movement has attracted more and more involved. There are over 120,000 programmers all over the world who are distributed internationally and support Linux as a means of reducing the large companies’ technical domination (Ceraso, A. , & Pruchnic, J,2007) . It is computed that only 5-10 percent of code of the Linux kernel remains compiled by Linus Torvalds. The collaborative nature create the culture of sharing, which is pervasive in the programming project.Programmers in those project help each other, make progress together to complete the programming. Seco ndly, the creation of open source software is not individual so that we can reduce the cost. The Research and Development of Linux operating system is made efforts by volunteer labor that is worth about two billion dollars (Kusnetsky and Greg , 1999). Companies like Microsoft that develop the windows operating system spend about $80-100 million per year. Technologists are addicted to the code of Linux programming due to their hobbies or personal interest.The programmers don not care the money and time so that they can devote themselves into it with their professional responsibilities. Individuals who have keen interest in coding and software creation or distribution promote the development of the open source software, which is not different from the proprietary software which is motivated by the money gain. Sometimes the developers want to get satisfaction and a reputation from other programmers by contributing to the open source code. Others want to receive such as good job offers, shares in programming values and so on.Thirdly, system administrator in the development of open source software will have control in the risk of deploying the tool. It is similar to in a corporate organization that Linux has a leadership structure. Linus Torvalds is a header in the Linux community who is a respected manager that can control the progress of programming, and his thoughts are considered final. Torvalds can appoint some programmers to be responsible for managing specific part of the project, and in reverse the programmers can guide other coordinators.However, this leadership structure only is suited to the Linux kernel; it does not apply to program such as system utilities. Fourthly, there is a major advantage in the open source code that is the ability for a mass of various people to edit and fix problems and errors that have occurred. The advantage is that programmers make improvements to open source software and will give meaningful feedback to the original programm er. The feedback benefits the entire project. Because of the feedback, the open source softwares become more and more powerful, riskless, high-quality.Fifthly, open source programs divide into small teams of programmers that work independently to settle specific problems. Those teams are parallel development that can make it possible for 435 Linux projects to be underway (Sullivan, 2011). Parallel debugging can improve the efficiency of individuals working on the project. Parallel debugging can feed back quicker modifications than traditional development. For example, Linux is attacked by the TearDrop IP because of some bugs, but Linux programmers repair it in less than 24 hours (Sullivan, 2011). Sixthly, open source software has the feature of the long-term sustainability.The open source software is different from the proprietary softwares, which is not driven out of business in the short-term. The open source software will be still developed all the time so long as the programmer can keep the sufficient interest and skills, even the user always has the choice to work in the house, maintain the running of the software and support to continue the programming of the software. It can have been seen the strengths of open and innovation source software. Better quality, higher reliability, more flexibility, lower cost, and an end to predatory vendor lock-in are the targets of the open source software.It is important to maintain the open source definition that creates a trusted group that connects all users and developers together. Just because of the strengths of open and innovation source software, expect for the Linux or Unix operating system, there are some other excellent softwares such as apache that is successful server software and scripting programming language on the web, Mozilla that is a excellent web browser like IE and mysql that is very popular database management system, giving people different experience and meeting the diversity of requirements. Th ese softwares also have been extremely successful. . Challenges of open source and innovation software Even though the open source and innovation softwares have gained great success in many areas, but there are still challenges facing in front. One challenge is the quality of the open source and innovation software. Previous research has shown that the size of software module have a certain relationship with software defects. For example some scholars think that there is an U-shaped relationship between software modules and software defect, therefore, the software module wants to be moderate, too big or too small scale will lead to defect increased.Despite criticism of scholars views, but the size of the software modules should be paid attention to control In the software development to ensure software quality,which recognized by most of scholars. However, the above conclusion is based on the non-open source software, and is not suitable for quality control of the open source softwa re, because the module of the open source software usually is constantly changing the old module, adding a new module or deleting constantly in the process of evolution of software development.Koru AG, Zhang Dongsovg, LiuHongfang take Mozilla for example to prove that there is a relationship between the size of of module of the open source software and the defects of product, and the results still show that l with software quality has a direct relationship with the scale of the software. Although there are a large number of experts auditing the open source software quality on the surface, but in fact, there are a small number of relatively fixed experts auditing the quality periodically,even some softwares don't have a quality audit, which is one of reasons that the quality of open-source software is doubted.Another risk is the legal risk of business development using open source. First, there is a problem that copyright of Open source software is unknown. Open source software often has a very complex origin because of its special patterns of development. Open source software has a massive pool of programming expertise all over the world to develop. For example, there may be a few people, more dozens, or hundreds of people contributing to the programming of open source software. Over one thousand people are needed in large projects such as Linux operating system (Langley, 2007).But the participants have a variety of backgrounds, as a result, It is difficult to ensure that their codes don’t have problems. This kind of confusion property rights of knowledge and complex situation makes a lot of open source software have a risk of infringement all the time. For example, Linux was suspected of violating the copyright of Unix programming code belongs to the company of SCO. For the problems of infringement ,license of open can’t provide any special terms or other promises to ensure that the programmers who devote to projects don’t violate the int ellectual property of others.Due to these licenses that do not provide any liability protection, there is a risk of open source software for commercial development. Second, There are other problem such as the infringement of patent rigth and trademark right that we should pay attention on. 5. Commercial value and trend of open source and innovation software In this part, we will discuss the open source software’s economic value and predict its future. On one hand, a lot of commercial software companies are always paying attention to the rapid development of open source software.Due to the massive excellent open source software projects and high quality codes, if the resources can be directly used, business company can save a lot of cost. The company of Business software develops commercial software based on the open source codes, which is flexible to decide based-fee or free when it is used for commercial purposes. For individuals, it is still free to use the commercial softw are, of course, Except commercial purposes, at the same time, these companies can provide technical service’s support.This flexible business model is more and more welcomed by more and more business software company. On the other hand, launch of android makes people be full of expectation for the open source software. Because of the open source software portability, custom pattern of Linux is a breakthrough of the industry model. Custom pattern of Linux because of the current Linux operating system that has deficiencies at performance, stability, and grasping the user needs ,can meet the user’s requirements. Though we discuss the commercial value of open source software, we can predict the trends of the open source software.In the future, the suppliers of open source software will have a closer relationship among themselves. Due to the development of the industry, the model of self-reclusive development do not clearly conform to the trend of the times, high requirement s of the software in the future promote manufacturers of open source software Seeking a deeper cooperation among themselves, which provides effective means to compete with the large proprietary software vendors for the supplier of open source software. The overall open source solutions are easier than traditional solutions on the deployment and maintenance.From hardware to software infrastructure, enterprise customers will know and experience the effective cost of overall open source solutions. Grasping the good opportunity of open source software will have a better future. 6 . Conclusion Now the software’s feature is more complex and the work of software’s programming is more lager, the open source software occupy a lot of advantages such as its collaborative nature which can offer customizability and, as a result, promotes the adoption of its products, the open innovation which is not proprietary, resulting in lower costs and so on.Now software is built more complica ted and the work of programming is more lager than ever. Because the open source software is not proprietary, that means taking the advantage of collaboration and customizability could lower the cost and make the software system stronger. From the introduction above, It can have been already cleared the definition of open innovation, the open source movement and the history of Unix, Linux operating system. Though the deeper analysis, it can be known the reason why the open source softwares become more and more popular is that powerful strength of open source software.Just because of this, there are some excellent software such as Linux, apache and mysql giving people different experience and meeting the diversity of requirements. These softwares also have been extremely successful. For now the use of open source software in some areas is limited, but its value will dig out driven by the maturity of technology and idea. However, there are also challenges. One difficulty is the promis e of the quality of the open source software. And another difficulty is the legal risk of business development using open source.Notwithstanding the challenges, the quality of massive open source software could prove invaluable over time. From the author’s perspective, driven by the portable, the open source software will have much huger development space, play more important role in some developed areas and show unimaginative value in some undeveloped areas as well. References A. Carleton, et al. (1992), â€Å"Software Measurement for DoD Systems: Recommendations for Initial Core Measures,† Software Engineering Institute, CMU/SEI-92-TR-19. B. Curtis, H. Krasner, and N.Iscoe (1988), â€Å"A Field Study of the Software Design Process for Large Systems,† Communications of the ACM, vol. 31, no. 11, pp. 1268-1287. B Littlewood and D Miller (1989), â€Å"Conceptual Modeling of Coincident Failures in Multi-Version Software†, IEEE Transactions on Software Engine ering, vol. 15, no. 12, pp. 1596-1614. B. Perens (1999), â€Å"The Open Source Definition,† in Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution , C. DiBona, S. Ockman, and M. Stone, Eds. Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly, pp. 171-188. Chesbrough, H. W. (2003). Open Innovation: The new imperative for creating and profiting from technology.Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Definition of Open Source: Open Source Initiative Retrieved . Kusnetsky, Dan, IDC, and Greg Weiss, DH Browen (1999), Linux E-Seminar M. Krochmal (1999), â€Å"Linux Interest Expanding,† in TechWeb, at http://www. techweb. com/wire/story/TWB19990521S0021 Norman Fenton (1994), â€Å"Software Measurement: A Necessary Scientific Basis,† IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 199-206 Pearce, J. M. (2012). â€Å"The case for open source appropriate technology†. Environment, Development and Sustainability  14  (3): pp. 425–431. P.Vixie (1999), â€Å"Software E ngineering,† in Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution , C. DiBona, S. Ockman, and M. Stone, Eds. Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly, pp. 91-100.. R. T. Fielding (1999), â€Å"Shared Leadership in the Apache Project,† Communications of the ACM, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 42-43. Valloppillil, Vinod, and Josh Cohen (1998), Microsoft, †Linux OS Competitive Analysis,† Halloween 2. White, Wallker (2000),†Observations, Considerations, and Directions,† Oracle, Federick Brooks in â€Å"The Mythicak Man Month. † Zhao, L. ; Deek, F. P. (2004). â€Å"User Collaboration in Open Source Software Development†. Electronic Markets  14  (2): pp. 89.

Sentence Definition and Examples in English Grammar

Sentence Definition and Examples in English Grammar A sentence is the largest independent unit of grammar: it begins with a capital letter and ends with a period, question mark, or exclamation point. The word sentence is from the Latin for to feel. The adjective form of the word is sentential. The sentence is traditionally (and inadequately) defined as a word or group of words that expresses a complete idea and that includes a subject and a verb. Types of Sentence Structures The four basic sentence structures are the: Simple: A  sentence  with only one  independent clause.Compound: Two (or more)  simple sentences  joined by a  conjunction  or an appropriate  mark of punctuation.Complex: A sentence that contains an  independent clause  (or  main clause) and at least one  dependent clause.Compound-complex: A  sentence  with two or more  independent clauses  and at least one  dependent clause. Functional Types of Sentences Declarative: Clothes make the man. Naked people have little or no influence on society.  (Mark Twain)Interrogative:  But what is the difference between literature and journalism? Journalism is unreadable and literature is not read. (Oscar Wilde)Imperative:  Be careful about reading health books. You may die of a misprint. (Mark Twain)Exclamatory:  To die for an idea; it is unquestionably noble. But how much nobler it would be if men died for ideas that were true!  (H. L. Mencken) Definitions and Observations on Sentences I am trying to say it all in one sentence, between one Cap and one period. (William Faulkner in a letter to Malcolm Cowley) The term sentence is widely used to refer to quite different types of unit. Grammatically, it is the highest unit and consists of one independent clause, or two or more related clauses. Orthographically and rhetorically, it is that unit which starts with a capital letter and ends with a full stop, question mark or exclamation mark. (Angela Downing, English Grammar: A University Course, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2006) I have taken as my definition of a sentence any combination of words whatsoever, beyond the simple naming of an object of sense. (Kathleen Carter Moore, The Mental Development of a Child, 1896) [A sentence is a] unit of speech constructed according to language-dependent rules, which is relatively complete and independent in respect to content, grammatical structure, and intonation. (Hadumo Bussmann, Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. Trans. by Lee Forester et al. Routledge, 1996) A written sentence is a word or group of words that conveys meaning to the listener, can be responded to or is part of a response, and is punctuated. (Andrew S. Rothstein and Evelyn Rothstein, English Grammar Instruction That Works! Corwin Press, 2009) None of the usual definitions of a sentence really says much, but every sentence ought somehow to organize a pattern of thought, even if it does not always reduce that thought to bite-sized pieces. (Richard Lanham, Revising Prose. Scribners, 1979) The sentence has been defined as the largest unit for which there are rules of grammar. (Christian Lehmann, Theoretical Implications of Grammaticalization Phenomena, Published in The Role of Theory in Language Description, ed. by William A. Foley. Mouton de Gruyter, 1993) The Notional Definition of a Sentence Sidney Greenbaum and Gerald Nelson give a different take in explaining what a sentence is and does: It is sometimes said that a sentence expresses a complete thought. This is a notional definition: it defines a term by the notion or idea it conveys. The difficulty with this definition lies in fixing what is meant by a complete thought. There are notices, for example, that seem to be complete in themselves but are not generally regarded as sentences: Exit, Danger, 50 mph speed limit...On the other hand, there are sentences that clearly consist of more than one thought. Here is one relatively simple example: This week marks the 300th anniversary of the publication of Sir Isaac Newtons Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, a fundamental work for the whole of modern science and a key influence on the philosophy of the European Enlightenment. How many complete thoughts are there in this sentence? We should at least recognize that the part after the comma introduces two additional points about Newtons book: (1) that it is a fundamental work for the whole of modern science, and (2) that it was a key influence on the philosophy of the European Enlightenment. Yet this example would be acknowledged by all as a single sentence, and it is written as a single sentence. (Sidney Greenbaum and Gerald Nelson, An Introduction to English Grammar, 2nd ed. Pearson, 2002) Another Definition of a Sentence D.J. Allerton provides an alternative definition of a sentence: Traditional attempts to define the sentence were generally either psychological or logical-analytic in nature: the former type spoke of a complete thought or some other inaccessible psychological phenomenon; the latter type, following Aristotle, expected to find every sentence made up of a logical subject and logical predicate, units that themselves rely on the sentence for their definition. A more fruitful approach is that of [Otto] Jespersen (1924: 307), who suggests testing the completeness and independence of a sentence, by assessing its potential for standing alone, as a complete utterance. (D. J. Allerton. Essentials of Grammatical Theory. Routledge, 1979) Two-Part Definition of a Sentence Stanley Fish felt that a sentence can only be defined in two parts: A sentence is a structure of logical relationships. In its bare form, this proposition is hardly edifying, which is why I immediately supplement it with a simple exercise. Here, I say, are five words randomly chosen; turn them into a sentence. (The first time I did this the words were coffee, should, book, garbage and quickly.) In no time at all I am presented with 20 sentences, all perfectly coherent and all quite different. Then comes the hard part. What is it, I ask, that you did? What did it take to turn a random list of words into a sentence? A lot of fumbling and stumbling and false starts follow, but finally someone says, I put the words into a relationship with one another....Well, my bottom line can be summarized in two statements: (1) a sentence is an organization of items in the world; and (2) a sentence is a structure of logical relationships. (Stanley Fish, Devoid of Content. The New York Times, May 31, 2005. Also How to Write a Sentence and How to Read One. HarperCollins, 2011) The Lighter Side of Sentences Some authors a humorous view of a sentence: One day the Nouns were clustered in the street.An adjective walked by, with her dark beauty.The Nouns were struck, moved, changed.The next day a Verb drove up, and created the Sentence... (Kenneth Koch, Permanently. Published in The Collected Poems of Kenneth Koch. Borzoi Books, 2005)

Barbarossa Essays - Field Marshals Of Nazi Germany, Free Essays

Barbarossa Essays - Field Marshals Of Nazi Germany, Free Essays Barbarossa When Germany invaded Russia in 1941, they did so neither near-sighted or as a ?back-handed? diplomatic ploy. While Russia remained a key objective to Hitler, it was also seen as a necessity for long-term victory and survival in Europe for Germany. ?Plan Yellow?, as developed by Field Marshal Erich von Manstein, called upon the pre-emptive strike against an imperialistic Russia, using speed and superior leadership as keys to victory. To always remember the axiom: ?History is written by the conquerers,? is key to the history of the German-Russian War 1941-1945. This paper intends to not only convey the necessity and the upside of a German attack and subsequent victorys but also the Russian Army?s offense stance of 1941. As Field Marshal Fedor von Bock wrote in his diaries ?A sense of fright came over the OKH? (German High Command) ?With no more enemies, who do we wait for to fight? Alas they had been waiting for us.? Germany in 1941 had reached a high point. The German economy, bolstered by it?s newly conquered lands, stood by itself with no equal. The citizenery had not witnessed victory like 1939-1941 since the day of Fredrich the Great. Germany, bolstered by such a booming economy and national morale, had yet to truly begin it?s ?witch-hunts,? nor had any of it?s concentration camps. While Jews were politically and often violently blamed and attacked for Germany?s ills, Hitler and the Nazi regime had at this point not begun the holocaust nor the mass killings. Most of Europe belonged to the Axis powers and Field Marshal Erwin Rommel?s Afika Korps, and the Italian Army had beaten the Allies to the far reaches of Africa. Mexico was being courted by the Axis diplomats and Brazil had remained nuetral, but swayed to Germany, (it?s imperialist conquerer). Japan had taken much of China and had moved towards Australia. Germany had no equal: economically, militarily, and no threat of one. The reasons for an invasion of Russia are many, but very simply, in all respects it made perfect sense to retain and protect the security and future of Germany. Contrary to most opinions, Germany was not embroiled in a two-front war in 1941, mainly because of Britain?s inability to bring significant pressure to bear on Germany by land, sea, or air during the proposed time period of ?Plan Yellow.? The naval blockade of German sea ports was failing miserably as the German empire was overly sufficient without imports. Britain?s traditional ?trump card?: sea power and naval blockades of German ports would be rendered obsolete by a victory in European Russia. If Germany defeated or eliminated Russia from the war, any British posture, even with the support of their empire would be meaningless in the face of German control of the fuel, iron, ore and agricultural resources of the entire continent. Britain would be at a complete loss and it would be her economy to collapse. Britain?s only option for obtaining critical materials, or victory of any sort, would appear to be in Africa. However, German air and ground forces freed from the continent (inner France, Germany, Austria, Czechoslavakia), could easily be diverted to Africa to prevent this. The destruction and conquest of European Russia would not only provide Germany with immense resources and capabilities to expand those resources, but it would also make Britain unable to carry on a fruitless war. Hitler?s Lebensraum, or literally ?living space?, is misleading as Germany was not overcrowded and had conquered an immense buffer zone against her enemies and neighbors. Lebensraum sought resources- iron, ore, fuel, food, factory space- it did not have inside the boundaries imposed in the Versailles Treaty of 1917. Hitler, in each of his military endeavors sought out these necessary resources above military strategy, even above diplomatic means. Hitler had so handily conquered Poland, annexed both Austria and Czechoslavakia, defeated Belgium, and a large British Expeditionary Force, and France so quickly.The entire armed forces working brilliantly enough to overrun Norway, nuetralize Britain, and their U-Boats disrupting sea supply lines from America, Hitler turned to the showdown with Soviet Russia. In late 1940 Hitler suggested to a friendly Russia that she enter and join the German-Italian Pact of Steel. The negotiations over the spoils of